دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 The effect of amino acid and humic acid foliar spraying on nitrate, nitrite levels, and some biochemical traits of two greenhouse Bell pepper cultivars (Paramo and Taranto) اثر محلول پاشی اسیدآمینه و هیومیک اسید بر میزان نیترات، نیتریت و برخی صفات بیوشیمیایی دو رقم فلفل دلمه‌ای گلخانه‌ای(Paramo و Taranto) 1 20 727145 10.22034/iuvs.2022.562928.1238 FA فراز امیری دانشجوی دکتری، گروه باغبانی، واحد جهرم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، جهرم، ایران عبدالحسین ابوطالبی جهرمی دانشیار، گروه باغبانی، گروه باغبانی، واحد جهرم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، جهرم، ایران 0000-0001-5114-9049 عبدالرسول ذاکرین استادیار، گروه باغبانی، گروه باغبانی، واحد جهرم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، جهرم، ایران. حامد حسن زاده خانکهدانی محقق بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی هرمزگان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، بندرعباس، ایران. عبدالکریم اجرائی استادیار، گروه باغبانی، گروه باغبانی، واحد جهرم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، جهرم، ایران Journal Article 2022 10 02 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: Pepper (Capsicum) is a member of the Solanaceae family, which is commonly classified into two groups: pungent (hot) and non-pungent (sweet). Sweet pepper is botanically known as Capsicum annuum. Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are a globally significant vegetable, prized for their high nutritional value and their important role in diverse dietary patterns. Bell peppers are a good source of several antioxidant compounds, so consuming a medium number of peppers provides twice the daily requirement of vitamin C. A key factor impacting vegetable quality is the potential accumulation of nitrates and nitrites in edible tissues, with excessive levels being undesirable. Fertilizers are recognized as important nutritional resources for agro-food systems. Unfortunately, the increasing use of chemical fertilizers in recent decades has led to enormous environmental problems. Humic acid (HA) is a natural organic biological fertilizer obtained from organic waste and has a very good effect on plant growth and development. Humic acid (HA), a natural organic fertilizer derived from organic waste materials, plays several beneficial roles in plant growth and development. Amino acids, an organic form of nitrogen, enhance the performance and growth of various plants when applied to the soil or as a foliar spray, directly and indirectly influencing plant physiological activities. Different amino acids have different roles in plant growth, nutrient availability, quality, and plant development. 2. Materials and Methods: This study investigated the impact of effect of amino acid and humic acid foliar spraying on nitrate, nitrite, and some biochemical traits of two greenhouse bell pepper cultivars (Paramo and Taranto). Seven treatment levels were used: a control, humic acid at concentrations of 0.2, 0.6, and 1 g/L, and amino acids at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/L. Pepper plants were treated weekly for 12 consecutive weeks. Traits such as fruit nitrate content, fruit nitrite content, vitamin C content, total soluble solids (TSS), anthocyanin content, and carotenoid content were measured at harvest. Anthocyanin and carotenoid levels were also measured after 30 days of storage at room temperature. This research was conducted from fall 2021 to spring 2022 in Hormozgan Province, Roudan County, in a commercial greenhouse unit. 3. Results and Discussion: The lowest nitrate and nitrite contents were observed in the Taranto cultivar treated with 0.6 g /L humic acid (52.2 and 3.50 mg/Kg<, respectively). The highest vitamin C (116.1 mg /100 g) and anthocyanin content (3.87 μmol Kg/ FW) were found in Paramo fruits treated with 0.2 g/ L humic acid. The highest TSS and carotenoid content were observed in Paramo fruits treated with 0.5 g/ Lو amino acids. Considering the main effect of cultivar on measured characteristics, the Paramo cultivar exhibited higher TSS, vitamin C, anthocyanin, and carotenoid content compared to Taranto. The findings of this study are fully consistent with the results obtained by Aslani et al (2015) and Ghasemnezhad et al (2011), who stated that the orange (Aracia) bell pepper cultivar had a higher TSS percentage than the yellow (Taranto) and red (Inspiration) cultivars. The highest percentage reduction in fruit carotenoid content during storage was observed in the Paramo cultivar treated with 0.5 g/L amino acid (37.3%), while the lowest reduction was observed in the Taranto cultivar treated with 1.5 g/L amino acid (5%). Similarly, the highest percentage reduction in fruit anthocyanin content during storage was observed in the Paramo cultivar in the control treatment (25.3%), and the lowest in the Taranto cultivar treated with 1 g/L humic acid (9%).In this regard, in the Paramo cultivar, the highest percentage of fruit anthocyanin reduction was observed in the control treatment (25.3%) and the lowest in the 1 g/L humic acid treatment (9.9%). In the Taranto cultivar, the highest percentage of fruit anthocyanin reduction was observed in the control treatment (25%) and the lowest in the 1 g/L humic acid treatment (9%). The results of this study also indicate that the use of controlled concentrations of amino acids in greenhouse bell peppers (0.5 g/L) can help increase the pigment and carotenoid content of the fruit and improve the quality and marketability of the fruit after harvest. In this experiment, the highest concentration of amino acids used also showed the lowest percentage of fruit carotenoid reduction, which indicates the ability of amino acids to increase the internal capacity of the plant to cope with stress conditions in the post-harvest period. 4. Conclusion: The results of this research demonstrate that the concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, vitamin C, carotenoid, and TSS in greenhouse-grown colored bell peppers are significantly affected by foliar applications of amino acids and humic acid. In general, the application of amino acids and humic acid improved the biochemical characteristics of the tested greenhouse bell pepper cultivars. This study provides a basis for developing and improving the quality of agricultural products, promoting the production of healthier food, and enhancing food security. فلفل دلمه‌ای با نام علمی (Capsicum annuum L.) به سبب ارزش تغذیه ای بالایی که دارد امروزه از مهمترین سبزیهای مصرفی در سراسر دنیاست. در این پژوهش اثر محلولپاشی اسیدآمینه و اسیدهیومیک بر صفات بیوشیمیایی دو رقم فلفل دلمه ای گلخانه ای (Paramo و Taranto) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. تیمارهای آزمایش عبارت بودند از شاهد، اسید هیومیک در غلظتهای 0/2، 0/6 و 1 گرم در لیتر و اسیدآمینه در غلظت های 0/5، 1 و 1/5 گرم در لیتر. تمامی تیمارها به صورت محلولپاشی و در 12 هفته ی متوالی روی گیاهان اعمال شد. صفاتی از قبیل میزان نیترات و نیتریت میوه، مقدار ویتامین ث، مواد جامد محلول، میزان آنتوسیانین و کاروتنوئید میوه در روز برداشت و میزان آنتوسیانین و کاروتنوئید میوه پس از 30 روز نگهداری در اتاق و دمای محیط 22 تا 24 درجه سانتیگراد مورد اندازه گیری قرار گرفت. در پایان آزمایش و در مقایسه ی اثر متقابل رقم و تیمار بر صفات مورد بررسی، نتایج بیانگر این مطلب بود که تیمار اسیدهیومیک 0/6 گرم در لیتر در رقم تارانتو نسبت به شاهد و سایر تیمارها به ترتیب با مقدار 52/2 و3/50 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم از میزان نیترات و نیتریت کمتر و مطلوب‌تری برخوردار بود. همچنین در مقدار ویتامین ث و میزان آنتوسیانین میوه نیز تیمار اسید هیومیک 0/2 گرم در لیتر در رقم پارامو به ترتیب با مقدار 116/1میلی گرم در 100 گرم ماده ی خشک و 3/87 میکرومول بر گرم وزن تر شرایط بهتری داشت. این پژوهش زمینه را برای کاهش استفاده از کودهای شیمیایی، تولید محصولات سالم و حرکت به سمت توسعه ی پایدار بخش کشاورزی فراهم می کند.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_727145_0b5126fbce423fcb204ec10185ff4270.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 Evaluation of the effect of ascorbic acid foliar spraying on sweet corn under water stress ارزیابی تأثیر محلول‌پاشی آسکوربیک اسید بر ذرت شیرین تحت تنش کم‌آبی 21 42 727146 10.22034/iuvs.2024.1978441.1255 FA عزیزاله قاسمی گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0003-1695-5592 سلیم فرزانه گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0003-1695-5592 سجاد محرم نژاد بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مغان. 0000-0002-3664-2510 سیده یلدا رئیسی ساداتی گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0002-7674-7069 ر,عوف سیدشریفی گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0003-2567-7029 نگین تلسچیان تبریز بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مغان. Journal Article 2022 12 12 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: Zea mays chase is used as a vegetable because of its unique characteristics. It is affected by abiotic and biotic environmental stress factors. Among these environmental stresses, the drought stress is the most dominant. Drought stress is the main cause of environmental stress conditions in the growth of plants, which has a negative effect on the growth and productivity of plants. Plants that reduce and prevent damage from environmental stresses react by decreasing grain yield, morphophysiological, and even phenological traits. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a small molecule with high antioxidant properties and is soluble in water, which plays a role as a primary substrate in cyclic pathways for detoxification and neutralization of superoxide and singlet oxygen radicals. Therefore, the use of ascorbic acid to increase yield under conditions of minimal water consumption can be a viable alternative to traditional methods that are often lengthy and expensive. The main objective of this research was to investigate the effect of drought stress and its interaction with ascorbic acid foliar application on some plant growth characteristics and economic performance in sweet corn. 2. Materials and Methods: This experiment was carried out in the spring of 2015 as a split-plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications on sweet corn plants (Chase cultivar) at the research station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch. The main factor of dehydration stress at four levels (70 as a control), 100, 130, and 160 mm of evaporation from the surface of the class A pan, and the secondary factor, including spraying with ascorbic acid at four concentrations (zero (control), 150, 200, and 250 mg/liter). The sweet corn seed under experiment (Hybrid no. Chase) was purchased from Seminis Company. Before planting sweet corn in field conditions, a composite soil sample was taken to determine the physical and chemical properties. The experimental area had a silty loam soil. The planting density in the field was 8.3 plants per square meter. The 16 treatment combinations studied in this experiment were in the main and sub-plots. In this research, from the beginning of planting corn seeds until the plants reach the stage of six to eight leaves, irrigation was carried out based on 70 mm of evaporation from the surface of the class A pan in the whole field, and at this stage, after applying the treatment in each experimental unit Ascorbic acid treatment levels were used. Stress treatment was applied after spraying ascorbic acid solution on the leaves in the early morning and general irrigation of the field based on the class A evaporation pan. 3. Results and Discussion: The results of studied traits showed that drought stress caused a significant decrease in cob diameter, cob wood diameter, number of seeds in the main cob, leaf width, plant leaf area, seed weight and seed yield per unit area of corn, but leaf length, a significant increase was observed in the number of fallen leaves, the number of days until flowering, and the days of growth degree until the appearance of tassel flowers. Foliar spraying of ascorbic acid improved the economic performance. Also, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the grain yield and the variables of seed weight in the main cob and the leaf area of the sweet corn plant compared to the control. 4. Conclusion: It was found that increasing the irrigation time, in addition to reducing the growth characteristics of the plant, also causes a decrease in economic performance. It appears that the sweet corn plant is sensitive to water shortages, and irrigation exceeding 70 mm causes a significant decline in the economic performance of the sweet corn plant. The highest yield was related to the treatment of lack of water stress and foliar spraying of 250 mg/L of ascorbic acid, which showed a 19.16% increase in yield compared to the control treatment. In general, it can be stated that the use of ascorbic acid is a suitable solution to increase the performance of sweet corn plants (Chase cultivar) under the conditions of minimal water consumption and also to increase the tolerance to water deficit stress. به منظور بررسی اثر تنش کم آبی و برهمکنش آن با محلولپاشی با آسکوربیک اسید بر برخی خصوصیات رشدی گیاه و عملکرد اقتصادی در گیاه ذرت شیرین، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 1398 به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار روی گیاه ذرت شیرین (رقم chase) در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز اجرا شد. فاکتور اصلی تنش کم آبی در چهار سطح (70 (شاهد)، 100، 130 و 160میلیمتر تبخیر از سطح تشتک کلاس A) و فاکتور فرعی شامل محلولپاشی با آسکوربیک اسید در چهار غلظت (صفر، 150، 200 و 250 میلی گرم در لیتر) بود. در این پژوهش تا مرحله ی شش الی هشت برگی آبیاری براساس 70 میلی متر تبخیر از سطح تشتک کلاس A در کل مزرعه صورت گرفت و بعد سطوح تیماری آسکوربیک اسید استفاده شد. نتایج صفات مورد مطالعه نشان داد که تنش کم آبی باعث کاهش معنیدار قطر بلال، قطر چوب بلال، تعداد دانه در بلال اصلی، عرض برگ، سطح برگ گیاه، وزن دانه و عملکرد دانه در واحد سطح،ذرت شد، اما طول برگ، تعداد برگ های افتاده، تعداد روز تا گلدهی و روز درجه رشد تا ظهور گل تاسل افزایش معنیداری ملاحظه شد. محلولپاشی اسید آسکوربیک باعث بهبود عملکرد اقتصادی گردید. همچنین بین عملکرد دانه و متغیرهای وزن دانه در بلال اصلی و سطح برگ گیاه ذرت شیرین همبستگی مثبت و معنی دار نسبت به شاهد ملاحظه شد. بیشترین میزان عملکرد مربوط به تیمار عدم تنش کم آبی و محلولپاشی 250 میلی گرم در لیتر آسکوربیک اسید بود، که نسبت به شاهد 19/16درصد افزایش عملکرد نشان داد. به طور کلی، می توان بیان نمود که کاربرد آسکوربیک اسید به عنوان راهکاری مناسب برای افزایش عملکرد گیاه ذرت شیرین (رقم Chase) تحت شرایط مصرف حداقل آب بوده و نیز افزایش تحمل به تنش کم آبی باشد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_727146_7bced3afa294c7fb216ef489fd0b06fa.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 Genetic analysis of salt tolerance in some tomato genotypes تجزیه ژنتیکی تحمل شوری برخی ژنوتیپ‌های گوجه فرنگی 43 56 727147 10.22034/iuvs.2024.2010421.1315 FA محدثه بهاالدینی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، بخش تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران مهدی مهیجی استادیار، بخش تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران 0000-0002-8499-609X سید مهدی ناصر علوی استادیار، بخش تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران 0000-0001-5407-7757 Journal Article 2023 08 29 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has great nutritional value and is one of the most important vegetables in the world. The tomato fruits have a large amount of antioxidants, Such as lycopene pigment, vitamins C, and several minerals, which are essential for human health. Salinity stress is one of the plant growths limiting factors globally that causes yield loss in tomato. In addition, in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran, soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses. Two theories have explained plant growth inhibition under salt stress. First, return to the ion toxicity, and the second is related to the disruption of osmotic functions. Several reports stated that salinity reduces many physiological processes in plants, such as water absorption, nutrient uptake, photosynthetic rate, and yield. tomato is moderately tolerant to salinity, and some tomato cultivars and landraces show greater salt tolerance by demonstrating greater stability in growth with increasing salinity. Moreover, high salt tolerance has been reported for various wild tomatoes. But most of the tomato varieties are salinity susceptible. The genetic variation of tomato landraces could be used to consider salt tolerance improvement in tomato breeding programs. The present study aims to assess the genetic structure of salinity tolerance in tomato during the vegetative growth phase to develop a new breeding population of tomato for salt tolerance. 2. Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted for the assessment of salt stress response of seven tomato inbred lines originated from Iran, Europe, the US, and Mexico, and their 27 F1 hybrids in a partial diallel design 7×7. A completely randomized factorial design was used with water salinity and tomato genotypes as two factors. Tomato genotypes were subjected to salinity stress at 0 and 10 ds/m. after 20 days, shoot and root dry weights, shoot and root length, root volume, root density, and root/shoot dry weight were measured. To determine leaf sodium and potassium content and sodium/potassium ratio flame Photometer device was used. Also, chlorophyll A, B, and Total chlorophyll content were measured by a spectrophotometer. 3. Results and Discussion: The results revealed significant effects of stress, genotype, and stress×genotype interaction for almost all traits, which indicates that there was a large genetic variation among the tested genotypes in response to the salinity stress. The results of Hyman and Jinks' diallel analysis showed a highly significant epistasis effect governing some traits in both control and salinity conditions. In the control condition, root and shoot length, root density, root dry weight/shoot dry weight, leaf sodium and potassium content, and sodium/potassium ratio were governed by non-epistatic gene action. While in stress conditions, root and shoot length, root density, root dry weight/shoot dry weight, and leaf potassium content showed non-epistatic inheritance. The degree of dominance was higher than one for root and shoot length, root density, root dry weight/shoot dry weight, and leaf potassium, which showed overdominance and dominance effects attributed to the genetic basis of these traits. The proper amount (more than 0.6) of Broadsense heritability for the mentioned traits represented an adequate level of genetic variance in control of the mentioned traits. However, the amount of narrow-sense heritability was low for the traits. Therefore, selection for such traits is likely to be more effective in advanced selfing generations. Regarding the results of the ( ) parameter, the proportion of positive and negative genes for all traits was equal except Root dry weight/shoot dry weight, Root Density, and Shoot length. Hyman’s graphical analysis indicated that some overdominance effects were involved in the control of the traits. According to the results, parent 5 carried superior alleles for the mentioned traits. According to GCA value results, genotype 7 was the best for all shoot traits and also had the highest GCA for root dry weight. Genotype 5 had the highest GCA amount for root length and leaf potassium content. The highest GCA value for chlorophyll A, B, and T was achieved from genotype 3. 4. Conclusion: Heyman and Jinks’ Diallel analysis results showed Epistasis gene action governing traits except root and shoot length, root density, root dry weight/shoot dry weight, and leaf potassium content. For these mentioned traits, High “a” (more than 1) and h2B (More than 0.6) showed the nonadditive gene effects governing the traits under the salinity condition. Regarding the GCA results, genotypes 7, 5, and 2 were selected for further salt stress tolerance studies. تنش شوری یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل کاهش تولید و رشد گوجه‌فرنگی (Solanum lycopersicum L.) در جهان است. از این رو برای بررسی پاسخ گوجه فرنگی به تنش شوری آزمایشی روی هفت رقم گوجه فرنگی از منشاء ایران، اروپا، آمریکای شمالی و مکزیک در قالب طرح دی‌آلل ناقص 7×7 انجام شد. آزمایش در دو سطح شوری صفر و 10 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی در مرحله استقرار نشاء انجام شد. پس از 20 روز وزن خشک ساقه و ریشه، طول ساقه و ریشه، تراکم ریشه، حجم ریشه، وزن خشک ریشه/ساقه، میزان یون‌های سدیم و پتاسیم برگ، کلروفیل A، B و کل اندازه‌گیری شد. پس از بررسی معنی‌داری اثر شوری، ژنوتیپ و اثر متقابل ژنوتیپ×شوری برای اکثر صفات، تجزیه دی‌آلل هیمن انجام شد و نشان داد که اثرات اپیستازی به جز پنج صفت طول ساقه و ریشه، تراکم ریشه، وزن خشک ریشه/ساقه و میزان پتاسیم برگ برای بقیه صفات معنی‌دار بود. با ادامه محاسبات دی‌آلل برای پنج صفت یاد شده درجه غالبیت (بیش از یک) و وراثت پذیری عمومی بالا برای این صفات به دست آمد که نشانگر اثرات فوق‌غالبیت و غالبیت در وراثت این صفات بود. با توجه به این نتایج، گزینش برای تحمل به شوری باید در نسل‌های آخر خودگشنی انجام شود تا منجر به تولید لاین‌های متحمل گردد. همچنین با توجه به مقادیر GCA ژنوتیپ‌های 7، 2 و 5 را می‌توان برای مطالعات تحمل به شوری برگزید.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_727147_f502a4e0214d5b899a52b11806087e18.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 Effects of different supplemental light spectra on yield and quality of potato minitubers (Solanum tuberosum cv. Agria) in an aeroponic system تأثیر طیف‌های مختلف نور تکمیلی بر عملکرد و کیفیت مینی‌تیوبر سیب‌زمینی (Solanum Tuberosum cv. Agria) در سیستم هواکشت 57 70 727148 10.22034/iuvs.2024.2014335.1327 FA زهرا میرزاخانی دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران 0009-0009-5028-8157 رحیم برزگر دانشیار ، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران 0000-0001-8169-4064 صادق موسوی فرد دانشیار ، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران 0000-0002-1138-210X داود حسن پناه کلور دانشیار بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0002-1808-8069 ساسان علی نیایی فرد دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-9572-2839 Journal Article 2023 10 27 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is among the top five crops globally, serving as a primary food source for over one billion people worldwide. However, utilizing vegetative propagation with whole or cut tubers introduces various contaminations, resulting in reduced yields and quality. On the other hand, the large tubers produced through this method often need to be divided into smaller pieces to achieve the ideal weight range of 50 to 60 grams. Besides the risk of spreading pathogens, cutting the tubers requires additional time, financial resources, and labor. Because potato tuber production is influenced by short daylight conditions, tuber formation primarily occurs towards the end of the year when daylight hours and light intensity decrease. By incorporating an aeroponic system with supplementary lighting that includes monochromatic or a mix of essential light spectrums in different proportions, viable and effective methods are available for producing micro-tubers or improving their quality. Therefore, this ongoing study aims to assess how various LED light spectrums impact both the quantity and quality of Agria cultivar potato minitubers.. 2. Materials and methods: To assess the impact of various supplemental lights on the yield and quality of minitubers from the Agria cultivar, an experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with three replications. In vitro potato seedlings were prepared and then planted in an aeroponic system. LED lamps emitting different combinations of red (R), blue (B), white (W), and far-red (Fr) light were used either individually or in combination with other spectra. The study involved eight different treatment levels: T1 (100R), T2 (100R+Fr), T3 (75R:25B), T4 (75R:25B+Fr), T5 (50R:50B), T6 (50R:50B+Fr), T7 (W), T8 (W+Fr), and natural greenhouse light was used as the control treatment ( T9). The light intensity utilized was 100 μmol m-2 s-1, with far-red light making up 10% of the total supplemental light in treatments where it was applied. 3. Results and Discussion: The study's findings demonstrate the significant impact of different light spectrums on various characteristics of potato minitubers. These characteristics include the number and weight of minitubers, dormancy duration, sprouting minituber count and diameter, as well as dry matter content and firmness. Using all light spectrums increased both the quantity and weight of minituber yield, with treatments T1 and T7 showing the most significant improvements... Incorporating far-red light as supplemental lighting proved effective compared to the control, although it did not enhance the minituber quality indicators and may have had some adverse effect. The supplementary light also prolonged minituber dormancy compared to the control, but adjusting the blue to red light ratio showed promise in reducing dormancy. The highest firmness levels were observed in the white light treatment (T7), while the control treatment had the lowest firmness. Applying supplementary light negatively affected the dry matter content of the minitubers. The control treatment showed the highest dry matter content at 17.5%, while the T7 treatment had the lowest content. The use of supplemental lighting resulted in a decrease in the number of active sprouting minitubers. The control group had the highest number of active sprouting minitubers, with a total of two, while the T7 treatment had the lowest, with only one active sprouting minituber. Despite a general reduction in sprout diameter due to the supplemental light, the T5 treatment recorded the largest sprout diameter at 4.84 mm. 4. Conclusion: The findings of the study demonstrated that the use of various supplementary light spectra increased both the number and weight of minitubers per plant. Furthermore, this method prolonged the dormancy period of the minitubers and enhanced the firmness of the microtubers in all light treatments compared to the control group. In summary, the research suggests that the application of supplementary light, specifically white light excluding far-red light or 100% red light without far-red light, can yield positive outcomes in terms of minituber quantity, performance, and firmness. However, addressing the issue of extended dormancy before planting is crucial. It is advisable to either eliminate or reduce the far-red spectrum in supplemental lighting to less than 5%. به منظور بررسی اثر طیف های مختلف نور LED بر تعداد و کیفیت مینی‌تیوبر سیب زمینی رقم آگریا، آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سال 1401 در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه شهرکرد انجام شد. گیاهچه‎ های کشت بافتی سیب زمینی رقم آگریا با تراکم 20 بوته در متر مربع در سیستم هواکشت مستقر شدند. از لامپ های LED در نسبت‌های مختلفی از نور قرمز، آبی، نور سفید و قرمز دور به تنهایی یا در ترکیب با طیف ‎های دیگر استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج، اعمال طیف های مختلف نوری تأثیر معنی‎ داری بر صفات عملکردی و همچنین کیفیت مینی‌تیوبر داشت. مقایسه میانگین داده‌ها نشان داد که استفاده از تمام طیف‏ های نوری باعث افزایش راندمان مینی‌تیوبر (تعداد و وزن) شد. بیشترین افزایش عملکرد در تیمار 100 درصد نور قرمز و تیمار نور سفید بدون قرمز دور مشاهده شد. استفاده از نور قرمز دور اگر چه نسبت به شاهد موثر و مفید بود اما تأثیر مثبتی بر شاخص ‎های مرتبط با کیفیت مینی‌تیوبر نداشت یا اینکه تأثیر منفی داشت. استفاده از نور تکمیلی سبب افزایش دوره خواب مینی‌تیوبر‎ها نسبت به شاهد شد با این وجود افزایش نسبت نور آبی به قرمز توانست دوره خواب غده‌ها را کاهش دهد. بیشترین و کمترین سفتی مینی‌تیوبر که شاخص مهمی در کیفیت مینی‌تیوبر می‌باشد، به ترتیب در تیمار نور سفید و تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد. به طور کلی استفاده از نور تکمیلی بویژه نور سفید یا نور قرمز بدون حضور نور قرمز دور و با شدت 100 میکرومول دارای بیشترین تأثیر بر افزایش کمیت و کیفیت خواب مینی‌تیوبر بود و از این رو قابل توصیه برای استفاده در گلخانه های تولید مینی‌تیوبر می‌باشد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_727148_cccd362de3d5b51af27dd2732304eeaf.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 Investigation of superoxide dismutase profile & its gene expression in two sweet corn hybrids under drought stress ارزیابی پروفایل و بیان ژن آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز دو رقم ذرت شیرین تحت تنش خشکی 71 84 727149 10.22034/iuvs.2023.2015045.1332 FA فاطمه رجائی 1- دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، گروه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران محمد محسن زاده گلفزانی دانشیار، گروه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران 0000-0003-4364-8264 سجاد محرم نژاد استادیار، بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی اردبیل، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مغان، ایران 0000-0002-3664-2510 حبیب اله سمیع زاده لاهیجی استاد، گروه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران 0000-0002-2278-9079 Journal Article 2023 11 04 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: Sweet corn, which is a type of maize harvested at the fresh stage & is consumed as a vegetable. Sweet corn belongs to the family Poaceae & the genus Zea. Although sweet corn is used & accepted as a vegetable, maize, including sweet corn, is the third most important cereal crop after rice & wheat in the world. Smaller plant habitus & chemical composition of the grains are the distinguishing features of sweet corn from other corn types. The sugary1 (su1), shrunken2 (sh2), & sugary enhancer1 (se1 alleles of sweet corn varieties prevent & reduce the conversion of sucrose, which is carried to the endosperm, to starch, & ensure that the grains have a high sugar content. The ratio of fat & protein is higher than in other types of maize due to the larger embryo of sweet corn. The adaptation of varieties to the ecological conditions of a region is important in the selection of sweet corn varieties. Environmental factors that have adverse effects on plant growth & survival are known as abiotic stresses. The abiotic stress factors negatively affect the development of a plant, which adapts to any environment & grows smoothly. However, as a direct consequence of global climate change, increased abiotic & biotic stress events have been reported in different regions, threatening world maize yields. The production of reactive oxygen species is a common phenomenon in plants under drought stress. These reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation led to lipid peroxidation, protein degradation, & nucleic acid damage. To alleviate the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species, plants have evolved an antioxidant defense system that includes enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD). In the present research, SOD profiles & plant growth of sweet corn were investigated under drought & non-drought stresses. 2. Materials & Methods: A field experiment using a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design was performed with two sweet corn cultivars under drought & non-drought stress conditions at the Moghan Agricultural Research Station, Iran. The main plot is the drought condition, one experiment was carried out at normal irrigation conditions, & the other was carried out with interrupted irrigation for 18 days ahead of the flowering stage. The sub-plot was two sweet corn cultivars, KSC403 & Chase. The plant height & grain yield were investigated under drought & non-drought stresses. The crude extracts of fresh leaves were prepared in a tris-HCl extraction buffer [Tris 50 mM, pH 7.5, ascorbic acid (50 mM), sucrose 5%, sodium metabisulfite (20 mM), PEG (2%), 2- mercaptoethanol (0.1%)] before use, with a ratio of 0.5 mg μl-1 (1W: 2V). The extracts were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4 °C using small Eppendorf tubes. The enzyme extracts were absorbed on filter paper & loaded onto 7.5% horizontal slab polyacrylamide gels (0.6×15×12 cm) with the use of the TBE (Tris-Borate-EDTA) electrode buffer (pH = 8.8). Electrophoresis was performed at 4 °C for 3 h. Two slices prepared from the slab gels were stained after electrophoresis to measure the enzyme activity. The staining SOD isoforms were analyzed based on the sensitivity to 2 mM KCN or 5 mM H2O2. The stained gels were then fixed & scanned at an appropriate range of wavelengths. To calculate optical density × area for each isozyme activity, the image analysis software, MCID, was used. The Cu/Zn-SOD gene expression was investigated under drought & non-drought stresses. 3. Results & Discussion: Based on the variance analysis of the data, there were significant differences at the 1% probability level among the different drought stress levels and the maize varieties for plant height and grain yield. The interaction effect of variety × drought stress was also significant only for plant height at the 5% probability level. Drought stress significantly reduced plant height by 19.04% compared to normal irrigation conditions. Additionally, the comparison of the combined means for the hybrid × drought stress interaction for plant height showed that the KSC403 hybrid had the highest plant height under both normal and drought stress conditions. Drought stress significantly decreased the grain yield of the maize hybrids by 20.55%. Comparison of the mean grain yield of sweet maize varieties revealed that the KSC403 variety, with a grain yield of approximately 6.3 tons per hectare, had the highest grain production compared to the Chase variety. Electrophoretic analysis for SOD enzyme using 8% slab polyacrylamide gels showed three isoforms, SOD1 (Fe-SOD), SOD2 (Cu/Zn-SOD), & SOD3 (Mn-SOD), which were detected based on sensitivity to KCN & H2O2 The results of the data analysis for the activity of SOD isoforms indicated that the effects of hybrid and drought stress were both significant at the 1% probability level. Additionally, the interaction between hybrid × drought stress was also significant for SOD isoform activity. Drought stress significantly increased the activity of SOD isoforms compared to normal irrigation conditions, with increases of 27.05%, 30.06%, and 25.89% for Fe-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, and Mn-SOD, respectively, relative to normal watering conditions. The comparison of the mean activity of SOD isoform interactions between hybrid × drought stress showed that the KSC403 variety exhibited the highest activity of all three SOD isoforms compared to the Chase variety under both normal and drought stress conditions. The Cu/Zn-SOD gene expression using Real-time PCR in sweet corn cultivars indicated that drought stress increased Cu/Zn-SOD gene expression. 4. Conclusion: KSC403 with higher grain yield, plant height, & Cu/Zn-SOD activity ranked as a drought-tolerant hybrid in this study. It can be concluded that the increase in Cu/Zn-SOD activity may reduce damage caused by drought stress in sweet corn. خشکی یکی از تنش ‎های محیطی مهم است که عملکرد گیاه ذرت را کاهش داده و وقوع آن در مزارع امری اجتناب ناپذیر است. به منظور ارزیابی عملکرد دانه، ارتفاع بوته، فعالیت آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز (SOD) و بیان ژن Cu/Zn-SOD تحت تنش خشکی، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده بر پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با دو رقم ذرت شیرین (KSC403 و Chase) تحت شرایط مزرعه در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی مغان طی سال زراعی 1401 اجرا شد. کرت اصلی شامل آبیاری عادی (بدون تنش خشکی) و تنش خشکی (قطع آبیاری در مرحله گلدهی و پر شدن دانه به مدت 18 روز) و کرت فرعی دو رقم ذرت شیرین بودند. بر اساس نتایج تنش خشکی باعث کاهش عملکرد دانه (20/50درصد) و ارتفاع بوته (19/04درصد) ارقام ذرت شیرین شد. آنالیز الکتروفورزی برای SOD روی ژل پلی آکریلامید هشت درصد نشان داد که سه ایزوفرم با وزن های مولکولی متفاوت مشاهده شد، طوریکه این سه ایزوفرم براساس حساسیت به مهارکننده پتاسیم سیانید و هیدروژن پراکسید انجام گرفت. تنش خشکی باعث افزایش فعالیت Mn-SOD، Cu/Zn-SOD و Fe-SOD به ترتیب 27، 30 و 25 درصد در مقایسه با شرایط بدون تنش خشکی در ارقام ذرت شیرین بود. همبستگی بین عملکرد دانه با فعالیت Cu/Zn-SOD ارتباط مثبت معنی دار بود. بیان نسبی ژن Cu/Zn-SOD به روش Real-time PCRدر ارقام ذرت شیرین نشان داد که تنش خشکی باعث افزایش بیان نسبی Cu/Zn-SOD شد. بر این اساس، رقم KSC403 با بیشترین عملکرد دانه، ارتفاع بوته و فعالیت Cu/Zn-SOD به عنوان رقم متحمل به خشکی نسبت به رقم Chase شناسایی شد. بر مبنای نتایج حاصل چنین می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که افزایش فعالیت Cu/Zn-SOD می‌تواند صدمات ناشی از تنش خشکی را در ذرت شیرین کاهش دهد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_727149_a371ed8e0541a7587ba5ab158e6dc5e1.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 The effect of waterlogging duration at different growth stages on the yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) اثر مدت‌های ماندابی در مراحل مختلف رشد بر عملکرد گشنیز (.Coriandrum sativum L) 85 100 727342 10.22034/iuvs.2023.1987325.1264 FA محمد اقبال قبادی دانشیار گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، پژوهشکده تحقیقاتی گیاهان دارویی و معطر زاگرس، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0003-2014-985X حمیدرضا چقازردی استادیار گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0002-9493-1759 Journal Article 2023 01 12 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: Coriander is a crop that is cultivated in irrigation and rainfed conditions for the production of vegetables and seeds in all parts of the world. Waterlogging is one of the abiotic stresses that may damage the growth and performance of most plants, including coriander. Waterlogging occurs as a result of heavy rainfall in a short time, floods, improper irrigation management, low slope of the field, hardness of the subsurface layer, etc. One of the important effects of climate change is the occurrence of heavy rains and floods in dry and semi-arid areas in spring and summer and during the growing season, which can cause waterlogging. The amount of waterlogging damage depends on the type of plant, variety, time, duration, and intensity of stress, the temperature of the environment, etc. 2. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of waterlogging on the growth and yield of coriander (Kermanshah local variety) under greenhouse conditions at Razi University in 2021. The factors included time (establishment, stem elongation, and flowering) and duration (control, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days) of waterlogging. The experiment was conducted as a factorial design on a completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. Planting was done in pots with dimensions 50×50×50 cm on May 23, 2021. After emergence and establishment, the density was thinned to 50 plants. m-2. During the growth period, one week after the end of waterlogging stress treatment were investigated the SPAD value, stomatal conductance, and quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) traits were investigated. At the time of ripening were measured biological yield, seed yield, seed number per umbel, 1000-seed weight, umbel number per plant, and plant height were measured. Ripening took place on August 5, 2021. Analysis of the data was performed with SAS and MSTATC software, and the means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) at the 5% level. 3. Results and Discussion: Based on analysis of variance, the effect of time and duration of waterlogging stress during the growth period of coriander was significant on stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and chlorophyll index, but the interaction effects of these treatments were significant only on the greenness index. The amount of stomatal conductance in the waterlogging treatment in the establishment stage was lower than in the stem growth and flowering stages, but there was no significant difference between the stem growth and flowering stages. With increasing waterlogging duration, the amount of stomatal conductance decreased, and in the 12-day waterlogging treatment, it decreased by 14.7% compared to the control. The value of the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was higher at the time of establishment than at the stem elongation and flowering stages; however, with the increase in the duration, the amount of chlorophyll fluorescence increased. In the control treatment, Fv/Fm reached 0.79, and in the 12-day waterlogging treatment, it reached 0.50. The interaction effect of the treatments on the SPAD value showed that with the increase of the duration of the waterlogging, the amount of damage in the flowering stage was more than in the stages of stem growth and establishment. Analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of time and duration of waterlogging stress on biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per umbel, and thousand-seed weight. The effect of waterlogging time on the studied traits showed that waterlogging had the most significant damage on biomass yield, seed yield, number of seeds per umbrella, and number of umbrellas per plant at the time of establishment, and the least damage in these traits was observed during the flowering stage. On the contrary, the effect of waterlogging time treatment on the weight of 1000 seeds was the highest in the establishment stage. The effect of waterlogging duration on yield and its yield components showed that, with an increase in waterlogging duration, the values of all these traits significantly decreased. For each day of waterlogging, damage to coriander was for the biological yield 0.29 g plant-1 (2.5 %), the seed yield 0.14 g plant-1 (3.8 %), the harvest index 0.4%, the seed number per umbel 0.23 (1.3%), the 1000-seed weight 0.105 g (1.5%), and the umbel number per plant 0.42 (1.4%). In this experiment, the effect of waterlogging on the yield and yield components of coriander was greater in the establishment stage than in the later stages. Probably, waterlogging stress in the early stages of growth, such as establishment, has caused more damage to roots (reduction of respiration) and shoots (reduction of photosynthesis and yield), consequently causing damage and delay in growth. For this reason, the coriander plant has not compensated for the damage caused during the establishment stage after the period has passed, and this has had a significant impact on the reproductive characteristics of the plant, including the number of umbels per plant, the number of seeds per umbel, and seed yield. 4. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that under greenhouse conditions, the effect of time of waterlogging stress on biological yield, seed yield, number of umbels per plant, and number of seeds per umbel of the coriander plant was more sensitive in the establishment stage and more resistant in the flowering stage. The duration of flooding had a significant negative effect on all traits. Waterlogging reduced grain yield by 3.8% per day. گشنیز (.Coriandrum sativum L) گیاهی است که به صورت آبی و دیم به منظور تولید سبزی و دانه در همه جای دنیا کشت می‌گردد. یکی از تنش‌های غیرزنده که ممکن است به رشد و عملکرد اکثر گیاهان و از جمله گشنیز خسارت وارد ‌کند، تنش ماندابی است. ماندابی تنفس ریشه گیاه را محدود کرده و باعث کاهش رشد ریشه و اندام هوایی می‌شود. براین اساس، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار به منظور بررسی اثر ماندابی بر رشد و عملکرد گشنیز در شرایط گلخانه در دانشگاه رازی در سال 1400 انجام شد. فاکتورها شامل مراحل مختلف رشد (استقرار، ساقه رفتن و گلدهی) و مدت ماندابی (شاهد، 3، 6، 9 و 12 روز) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که ماندابی در مرحله استقرار نسبت به سایر مراحل، هدایت روزنه‌ای (میلی‌مول بر مترمربع بر ثانیه) را کاهش و فلورسنس کلروفیل را افزایش داد. در مرحله استقرار، مقادیر این دو صفت بترتیب9 و 6/8 و در مرحله گلدهی 38/6 و 5/9بدست آمد. با افزایش مدت ماندابی مقادیر هدایت روزنه‌ای و فلورسنس کلروفیل دارای شیب نزولی بودند و در 12 روز ماندابی بترتیب 14/6 و 36/7 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد، کاهش داشتند. ماندابی در مرحله استقرار نسبت به سایر مراحل، باعث بیشترین خسارت به عملکرد دانه و اجزای آن بجز وزن هزار دانه گردید. در مرحله استقرار عملکرد دانه (گرم در بوته)، تعداد چتر در بوته، تعداد دانه در چتر و وزن هزار دانه (گرم) بترتیب 2/5، 25/0، 14/7 و 6/8 و در مرحله گلدهی بترتیب دارای مقادیر 3/3، 30/0، 17/3 و 5/9 بودند. با افزایش مدت ماندابی کلیه صفات عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد دانه، کاهش داشتند. به ازای هر روز ماندابی نسبت به تیمار شاهد، عملکرد زیست توده، عملکرد دانه، تعداد چتر در بوته، تعداد دانه در چتر و وزن هزار دانه به ترتیب 2/5، 3/8، 1/4، 1/3 و 1/5 درصد کاهش داشت. در کل نتایج نشان داد که، هم زمان و هم مدت ماندابی بر رشد و عملکرد گشنیز آسیب معنی‌داری وارد می‌کنند.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_727342_9e8b23711d36a24b29f9ce311e332743.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 The effect of Serendipitia indica fungus and foliar application of selenate on physiological and morphological traits of lettuce under the stress of the heavy metal cadmium in hydroponic culture تأثیر قارچ پیریفورموسپورا ایندیکا و محلول پاشی سلنات سدیم بر رشد فیزیولوژیکی و مورفولوژیکی کاهو تحت شرایط تنش فلز سنگین کادمیم در کشت هیدروپونیک 101 124 727549 10.22034/iuvs.2023.2009342.1309 FA هاجر خانمحمدی دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم باغبانی دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران بهروز اسماعیل پور استاد، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0002-7080-0236 رسول آذرمی دانشیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0001-6678-9022 سید کریم تهامی دانشجوی دکتری بیوتکنولوژی و اصلاح گیاهان باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایران عضو هیات علمی جهاد دانشگاهی واحد استان اردبیل، اردبیل، ایران علی شاهی قره لر استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران زهرا اصلانی پژوهشگر مدعو علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0002-8836-8015 نسترن مهام دانشجوی دکتری بیوتکنولوژی و اصلاح گیاهان باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایران Journal Article 2023 08 15 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: Persistent pollutants that cause biological effects in the food chain are called heavy metals. Heavy metals are more persistent than organic pollutants. This has become one of the most dangerous groups of environmental pollutants. Cadmium has attracted much attention due to its toxicity at high concentrations, and the effect of cadmium varies depending on the type of plant. Cadmium harms the growth and development of plants. Also, the most obvious destructive effects of heavy metals on plants are the reduction in the ability to absorb nutrients required for normal plant growth and development. When the concentration of this element in soil is 8 mg/kg, it is considered toxic to plants. Selenium is one of the main elements found in lettuce, which has particular importance in the nutritional status of lettuce. In the hydroponic system, symbiotic fungi can improve plant growth. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Serendipitia indica and selenium foliar application on the growth and biochemical and physiological properties of lettuce under the conditions of heavy element cadmium contamination in hydroponic culture. 2. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the effect of Serendipitia indica fungs and selenium foliar application on the physiological characteristics, growth, and performance of red Little Gem lettuce under the conditions of contamination with the heavy element cadmium, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications under hydroponic cultivation conditions. The first factor of cadmium toxicity in food solution (control, 11.85 and 18.7 mg/liter) and the second factor of Serendipitia indica fungi (inoculation and non-inoculation) and selenium foliar spraying in three concentrations (control, 75 and 150 µM) and the combined treatments of these two It was an invoice. In this research, the wet and dry weight of leaf and root shoot, leaf number, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance, electrolyte leakage, symbiosis percentage, chlorophyll a, b, total, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, soluble sugar, proline, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, was measured. 3. Results and Discussion: Selenium foliar application and inoculation with Serendipitia indica improved growth indices and biochemical traits in lettuce plants under cadmium stress conditions. The application of mushroom and selenium has a significant effect on leaf weight and dry weight, root weight and dry weight, leaf number, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative water content, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, carotenoid, ascorbate peroxidase, anthocyanin, proline, the percentage of coexistence, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and catalase.The application of the treatment combination (0 μM cadmium + 150 μM selenium + inoculation of Serendipitya indica fungus caused a significant effect on leaf fresh weight (95.90 g) and dry weight (4.92 g), root fresh weight (34.99 g) and dry weight (1.92), leaf number (20.48), chlorophyll fluorescence (0.897 ms), relative water content (69.27%), stomatal conductance (31.97 mmol/m2/s), chlorophyll a, b (0.19 mg/g wet weight; 0.078 mg/g wet weight) and total chlorophyll (0.626 mg/g wet weight), carotenoids (0.71 mg/g wet weight), ascorbate peroxidase (0.067), proline (0.664 μg/fresh weight), percentage Symbiosis (89.75%), electrolyte leakage (38.88%), malondialdehyde (0.067), soluble sugar (0.829 mg/fresh weight), hydrogen peroxide (0.090), and catalase (0.076). The fungus Serendipitya indica increases the amount of auxin and cytokinin in the plant, and since auxin and cytokinin increase the production of adventitious roots, it is effective in increasing the fresh and dry weight of the aerial parts. In the present study, selenium foliar spraying improved the levels of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in lettuce plants. In another similar finding, selenium foliar spraying increased chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids in lettuce leaves. By improving the absorption of elements, the Serendipitia indica fungus increases the plant's resistance to these conditions and enhances its growth and development in metal-contaminated soils. Selenium foliar spraying showed that the use of elicitors increased the amount of proline, and with the intensification of cadmium stress, the amount of proline increased. 4. Conclusion: From this research, it can be concluded that the use of symbiotic fungus (Serendipitia indica) in foliar spraying of lettuce and selenium in a hydroponic system can improve the growth and absorption of elements, and also the combined use of these two factors has a positive effect in comparison using these two factors separately. More about the growth and physiological characteristics of lettuce. فلزات سنگین از جهت ماندگاری بالا و عدم تجزیه‌پذیری توسط میکروارگانیسم‌های خاک و دارای پتانسیل بالای جذب توسط گیاهان و ورود به زنجیره غذایی می‌باشد. به منظور ارزیابی تأثیر قارچ سرندیپیتیا ایندیکا و محلولپاشی سلنیوم بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی، رشد و عملکرد کاهو رقم لیتل جم قرمز (Lactuca sativa L) در شرایط آلودگی با عنصر سنگین کادمیوم، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار در شرایط کشت هیدروپونیک اجرا شد. فاکتور اول سمّیت کادمیوم در محلول غذایی (صفر، 30 و 60 میکرومولار) و فاکتور دوم قارچ سرندیپیتیا ایندیکا (تلقیح و عدم تلقیح) و محلول‌پاشی سلنیوم در سه غلظت (صفر، 75 و 150 میکرومولار) و تیمارهای ترکیبی این دو فاکتور (سطوح سمیت کادمیوم 0، 30 و 60 میکرومولار+ سطوح غلظت سلیوم 0، 75، 150 میکرومولار+ دو سطح تلقیح و عدم تلقیح قارج قارچ سرندیپیتیا ایندیکا) بود. نتایج حاصل نشان داد محلول‌پاشی سلنیوم و تلقیح با قارچ‌ سرندیپیتیا ایندیکا باعث بهبود شاخص‌های رشدی و صفات بیوشیمیایی در گیاهان کاهو در شرایط تنش کادمیوم شد. کاربرد ترکیب تیماری (کادمیوم 0 میکرومولار + سلنیوم 150 میکرومولار + تلقیح قارچ سرندیپیتیا ایندیکا باعث تأثیر معنی‌داری بر وزن‌تر (95/90گرم) و خشک برگ (4/92 گرم)، تعداد برگ (20/48)، کلروفیل فلورسانس (0/89 میلی ثانیه)، محتوای نسبی آب (69/27درصد)، کلروفیل a،b (0/19 میلی گرم برگرم وزن تر؛ 0/07 میلیگرم برگرم وزن تر) و کلروفیل کل (0/62 میلی گرم برگرم وزن تر)، کاروتنوئید (0/71 میلی گرم برگرم وزن تر)، آسکوربات پراکسیداز (0/06)، پرولین (0/66 میکروگرم بر وزن تر)، درصد همزیستی (89/75 درصد)، نشت الکترولیت (38/88 درصد)، مالون‌دی‌آلدئید (0/06)، قند محلول (0/82 میلیگرم بر وزن تر)، پراکسید ‌هیدروژن (0/09) و کاتالاز (0/07) شد. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده از این آزمایش مشخص گردید که استفاده از الیسیتورهای زیستی و شیمیایی میتواند از راهکارهای اساسی جهت کاهش اثرات مخرب و منفی کادمیوم باشد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_727549_7697c00db8641c0aa939f12b95728799.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 Investigation of the Impact of Biofertilizers and Spirulina Algae Extracts on Yield and Biochemical Characteristics of Yellow Physalis (Physalis peruviana L.) Fruit مطالعه اثرات کود زیستی و عصاره‌های جلبک اسپیرولینا بر عملکرد و خصوصیات بیوشیمیایی میوه‌های فیسالیس زرد (Physalis peruviana L.) 125 140 727550 10.22034/iuvs.2024.2017716.1337 FA رسول حیدرنژاد گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی 0000-0002-2740-9928 موسی ترابی گیگلو دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0002-5282-5894 هانیه مرادیان دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. علی سبحانی زاده دانش آموخته دکتری، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0001-6325-2035 علی رضا اکبری دانش آموخته دکتری، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. پوریا فرخی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. Journal Article 2023 12 12 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: Fruits and vegetables are important sources of beneficial nutrients in human nutrition and play a crucial role in reducing the risks of many diseases. The consumption of fruits and vegetables has a positive impact on diseases such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. These health benefits are related to the presence of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers, as well as a wide range of bioactive compounds, including phytochemicals, which influence free radical activity to maintain adequate levels of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses. Nowadays, many applications of biofertilizers and algae extracts have been proposed in agriculture, the food industry, and animal sciences. The use of SAE as a novel nutrient formulation containing protein and amino acids offers a new approach to supplying essential elements to plants. Unfortunately, few studies have been conducted on the use of SAE in agriculture, necessitating further research in this field. Therefore, considering the economic importance and increasing demand of biofertilizer, this research investigates the impact of SAE and biofertilizers on the Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) plant. 2. Materials and Methods: Zarrouk's medium was used for the cultivation of Spirulina algae. The cultured samples were then harvested, dried at 45 degrees Celsius for 72 hours, and powdered. To extract the extract from the algae, the dried samples were first soaked in 80% methanol for 72 hours. The samples were subjected to ultrasonic waves three times, each for 15 minutes. Then, the resulting extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 45 degrees Celsius after a two-step filtration with Whatman filter paper No. 4. The Cape gooseberry seeds (Physalis peruviana) (Accession no: TN-82-765) used in this research were obtained from the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute of Iran. The seeds were sown in Petri dishes, and after germination, they were transferred to culture trays. The seedlings were kept in the culture trays for 30 days. Then, the plants were moved to a greenhouse, and after appropriate establishment of the plants (after two weeks), the treatments were applied as foliar spraying. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD), consisting of foliar application of SAE at three concentrations (0, 0.25, and 0.5 percent) and Azotobacter biofertilizer at two levels (0 and 0.5 percent), with four replications. Foliar spraying was performed in three stages, with intervals of 15 days. Two weeks after the last foliar application, various morphological and biochemical traits were evaluated, including fruit fresh and dry weight, plant yield, titratable acidity, soluble solids, taste index, and biochemical parameters such as total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and vitamin C concentration. 3. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the foliar application of SAE in the presence of biological fertilizer had a significant effect on yield traits, taste index, and Total Soluble Solids (TSS) in Cape gooseberry. During the evaluation of functional traits, it was observed that the highest fresh weight (4.498 g), dry weight (0.935 g), and plant yield (286.423 g) were obtained in plants treated with 0.5% SAE. Additionally, the results showed that the greatest effect in increasing the amount of the Total Phenol Content (TPC) (3.11 mg/g dry weight) in Cape gooseberry berries treated with 0.25% SAE under conditions where biological fertilizer was applied at a concentration of 0. 5%. This amount was 12.42 percent higher than the control conditions. Similarly, the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) (1.811 mg/g dry weight) was recorded in plants treated with 0.5% SAE and 0.5% Azotobacter biofertilizer. The evaluation of the effects of spirulina algae extract on vitamin C and total antioxidant content indicated a positive impact on both parameters. The results showed that the highest levels of vitamin C and total antioxidants were obtained when Spirulina algae extract was applied at 0.5%. 4. Conclusion: Cape gooseberry is highly perishable, and several factors threaten its quality during cultivation and after harvest. According to the results of this research, it was found that the combined application of Azotobacter biofertilizer and Spirulina algae extract (SAE)had a significant effect on the yield and biochemical traits, particularly in plants treated with 0.5% SAE. Overall, the findings indicate that enhancing vitamin C and improving yield in Cape gooseberry plants is achievable through agricultural techniques. The application of Azotobacter biofertilizer and SAE significantly increased fresh weight, TSS, titratable acidity (TA), and total antioxidant activity in treated plants compared to untreated controls. Additionally, the positive effects of SAE at concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5%, in the presence of Azotobacter (0.5%), played a key role in increasing chlorophyll and carotenoid content, which in turn enhanced photosynthetic efficiency.. Therefore, to promote sustainable agriculture, it is recommended to replace chemical fertilizers with Azotobacter together in combination with SAE at different concentrations to achieve higher yields in Cape gooseberry cultivation. پژوهش حاضر به منظور بررسی اثرات کود زیستی همراه با عصاره های جلبک اسپیرولینا بر خصوصیات عملکردی و بیوشیمیایی میوه های فیسالیس زرد (.Physalis peruviana L) انجام شد. برای این منظور کود زیستی ازتوباکتر (در غلظت 0 و 0/5 درصد) همراه با عصاره جلبک خوراکی اسپیرولینا در غلظت های 0، 0/25 و 0/5 درصد روی گیاه فیسالیس زرد به صورت کشت گلدانی و در 4 تکرار (8 گلدان در هر تکرار) به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی درشرایط گلخانه ای انجام شد. بعد از گذشت دو هفته از استقرار گیاهان در گلخانه، محلول پاشی در سه مرحله و هر 15 روز یک بار انجام شد. دو هفته بعد از آخرین محلولپاشی صفاتی مانند وزن تر و خشک میوه، عملکرد بوته و برخی صفات بیوشیمایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که محلولپاشی عصاره جلبک اسپیرولینا و کود زیستی تأثیر قابل توجهی در افزایش صفات عملکردی، شاخص طعم و مواد جامد محلول میوه های فیسالیس زرد داشته است. طی بررسی صفات عملکردی مشاهده شد که بیشترین میزان وزن تر میوه (4/49 گرم)، وزن خشک میوه (0/93 گرم) و عملکرد بوته ( 286/42 گرم) در گیاهان تیمار شده با عصاره جلبک در غلظت 0/5درصد به دست آمد. بیشترین میزان آنتی اکسیدان کل در گیاهان تیمار شده با عصاره جلبک اسپیرولینا در غلظت 0/5 درصد به دست آمد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین تأثیر در افزایش محتوای فنل کل ( 3/11 میلی گرم در گرم وزن خشک) در میوه های فیسالیس تیمار شده با عصاره جلبک اسپیرولینا در غلظت 0/25 درصد تحت شرایط استفاده از کود زیستی در غلظت 0/5 درصد مشاهده شد که این میزان 42/12درصد بیشتر از شرایط کنترل بود. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان میدهد استفاده از کودهایزیستی ضمن افزایش عملکرد گیاهان، می تواند سبب کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی شده و در جلوگیری از آلودگی محیط زیست و هوا نقش مؤثری داشته باشد

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_727550_78144461c277bf6c5b79d2baed337c87.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 Sensitivity of different populations of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lep: Gelechiidae) to thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and the effect of three synergists there on its lethality حساسیت چند جمعیت شب‌پره مینوز گوجه‌فرنگی Tuta absoluta (Lep.: Gelechiidae) به حشره‌کش‌ تیوسیکلام هیدروژن اکسالات و تأثیر سه تشدید کننده بر کشندگی آن 141 154 707278 10.22034/iuvs.2023.1990277.1272 FA انیس ابوطالبیان سورشجانی گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0003-4170-4373 هوشنگ رفیعی دستجردی گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0003-1278-2858 جهانگیر خواجه علی گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0002-3042-028X بهرام ناصری گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0001-5821-0957 مهدی حسن پور گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0002-5409-428X Journal Article 2023 02 23 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the most serious pests affecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production worldwide. Originally from South America, it has rapidly spread to many regions, causing severe damage to both open-field and greenhouse tomato crops. Chemical insecticides have long been the primary tool for managing this pest. However, the intensive and often unregulated use of these chemicals has led to widespread resistance in many populations, greatly reducing the effectiveness of several commonly used insecticides. Thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate is among the insecticides recommended for controlling T. absoluta. It acts as a neurotoxin, disrupting nerve function by blocking the ion channels of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), ultimately leading to paralysis and death in the insect. Despite its effectiveness, the repeated use of thiocyclam may lead to resistance over time, making it essential to monitor susceptibility levels and explore ways to enhance its efficacy. Understanding the resistance status and underlying mechanisms of T. absoluta to thiocyclam in regions like Iran, where tomato cultivation is widespread, is crucial for developing effective resistance management strategies. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of T. absoluta populations to thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and investigated the use of synergists to potentially restore or enhance the insecticide’s potency. These findings aim to support integrated pest management (IPM) approaches and ensure more sustainable control of this highly invasive pest. 2. Materials and Methods: The population of absoluta was collected from different greenhouses in Iran. The population with the lowest LC50 was selected as the sensitive population for the bioassay experiments. The insects were collected in 2020 and tested in the laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The insecticidal efficacy of thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate alone and in combination with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (monooxygenase inhibitor), diethyl maleate (DEM) (inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) (carboxylesterase inhibitor) was evaluated. For experiments with synergists, concentrations of 1000 ppm for TPP and 200 ppm for DEM and PBO were prepared. The bioassay was performed with second instar larvae, with leaves immersed for ten seconds. Laboratory conditions were 25±1°C, 60% RH, and 16:8 hours of light. A total of eight populations from Iranian greenhouses were studied with five replicates, five concentrations, and ten insects per replicate. Larvae were exposed to the synergists for 2 hours before being used for the bioassay test. 3. Results and Discussion: Based on the bioassay of the insecticide thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate on different populations of absoluta in the second larval instar, different levels of susceptibility can be observed between populations, and the resistance ratio in T. absoluta populations of Ardabil1, Yasouj, Borujen, Yazd, Bushkan, Kerman, Esfahan, and Ardabil2 was 3.65, 2.70, 3.05, 1.71, 1.63, and 1.062 fold, respectively. The population in Ardabil1 was the most resistant population, with a 3.65-fold resistance ratio and an LC50 value of 275.12 mg/L. The population in Yasouj was the most sensitive population, with an LC50 value of 82.75 mg/L. Synergistic effects on resistant and sensitive populations to thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate insecticides showed that the synergist piperonyl butoxide had the greatest reduction in LC50 in different populations of T. absoluta. In addition, the population in Ardabil1 had the highest resistance ratio, with the synergistic effects of piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate, and triphenyl phosphate on the tomato leaf miner being 1.95, 1.83, and 1.76-fold, respectively. The highest rate of synergists in the Yazd and Ardabil1 populations was related to the PBO synergist, which reduced the LC50 from 252.27 and 275.12 mg/L (without insecticide) to 102.15 and 141.18 mg/L (larvae were exposed to the synergist). In the Yasouj population, the synergist ratio was slightly reduced for PBO, but for DEM and TPP, the synergist ratio was not reduced or was very low. The results show that the use of the insecticide thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate with the synergists piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate, and triphenyl phosphate increased the toxicity and decreased the resistance of thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate. 4. Conclusion: In general, the results seem to indicate that thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate is still effective against tomato leaf miner, and that resistance levels are not critical. Synergists can be used to delay low resistance, reduce spray pressure for this insecticide, and use alternative insecticides. The results of this research will be useful for managing the resistance of tomato leaf miner moths to this insecticide. شبپره مینوز گوجه فرنگی Tuta absoluta (Lep.: Gelechiidae) یکی از آفات اقتصادی گلخانه‌های گوجه‌فرنگی ایران است. در این پژوهش اثر حشره کشی تیوسیکلام هیدروژن اکسالات (تیوسیکلام) به‌تنهایی و همراه با تشدید کننده های پروپانیل بوتوکساید PBO، دی اتیل مالئات DEM و تری فنیل فسفات TPP بر روی لاروهای سن 2 شبپره مینوز گوجه‌فرنگی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. آزمایش‌های زیستسنجی به روش غوطه‌وری برگ با استفاده از لارو سن دوم این آفت در دمای 1±25 درجه سلسیوس، رطوبت نسبی 5±60 درصد و دوره نوری L:D 16:8 ساعت انجام شد. آزمایش ها با پنج تکرار، پنج غلظت و 10 حشره در هر تکرار بر روی هشت جمعیت از جمعیت‌های گلخانه‌های ایران انجام شد. برای آزمایش های مربوط به تأثیر تشدید کننده ها، غلظت های ppm 1000 برای TPP و ppm 200 برای DEM و PBO تهیه گردید و لاروها 2 ساعت قبل از استفاده در آزمایش زیست‌سنجی با حشره‌کش تیوسیکلام، در معرض تماس با برگ‌های آغشته به تشدید کننده ها قرار گرفتند. نتایج زیست‌سنجی نشان داد LC50 حشره‌کش تیوسیکلام هیدروژن اکسالات در جمعیت‌های مختلف متغیر بود، به‌طوری‌که در جمعیت اردبیل با 275/2 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر بیشترین مقدار و در جمعیت یاسوج با 82/75 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر کمترین مقدار را داشته است. بیشترین نسبت تشدید کننده در جمعیت‌های یزد و اردبیل مربوط به تشدید کننده PBO بود که به ترتیب LC50 را از 252/2 و 275/1 به 102/1 و 141/1 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر کاهش داد. استفاده هم‌زمان از حشره‌کش تیوسیکلام و تشدید کننده ها به‌خصوص تشدید کننده PBO باعث افزایش سمیت تیوسیکلام هیدروژن اکسالات می‌شود. نتایج این تحقیق در مدیریت مقاومت آفت مینوز گوجه‌فرنگی مفید خواهد بود.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_707278_ea61b4e095bf02ea3511ff7d2d2687af.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 Evaluation of phenological stages of three potato cultivars based on degree-day of growth, light and thermal indices, and effect on yield ارزیابی مراحل فنولوژیک سه رقم سیب‌زمینی بر اساس درجه-روز رشد، شاخص‌های نوری، حرارتی و تأثیر آن روی عملکرد 155 168 727911 10.22034/iuvs.2024.2021861.1350 FA محمد احمدی دکترای علوم علف‌های‌هرز، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0009-0004-7761-1632 حمیدرضا محمددوست چمن آباد استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی ، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0009-0004-7761-1632 احمد توبه استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی ، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0009-0004-7761-1632 رسول فخاری استادیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل (مغان)، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مغان، ایران 0009-0004-7761-1632 سلیم فرزانه استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی ، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0003-1695-5592 Journal Article 2024 02 01 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: Agricultural plants are the primary source of the human food supply; among them, potatoes hold a special place in the human food basket. Temperature, as an ecological factor, directly and indirectly affects plants. Directly, heat impacts all vital plant processes and the intensity of their metabolism. Indirectly, it affects other critical factors such as water availability, especially in regions characterized by dry or semi-dry conditions. Climatic indices with a thermal basis, such as growth-day degree, heliothermal units, and the photothermal index, serve as useful tools for predicting crop growth and yield. Since the growth period and heat requirements vary among potato cultivars, selecting a suitable cultivar is crucial. Without proper cultivar selection, all efforts in nutritional management and weed control may prove ineffective. Therefore, conducting appropriate research to identify suitable cultivars for each region is essential. 2. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 repetitions in the crop year 2022-2023, and to evaluate the life cycle of three potato varieties based on growth degree-day light and thermal indicators and its effect on yield in the research farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. To measure the height of the plant the number of six plants were randomly selected for each plot and then measured using a meter. The height of each of the selected plants was measured in centimeters from the soil surface to the tip of the tallest main stem in 5 steps, and the average height of plants was considered for each plot. During the vegetative growth of the potato, 3 squares (50 × 75 cm) were randomly placed in each plot, and the percentage of cover was measured visually, and the average percentage of cover of the plants was included in the calculations. Data were recorded in Excel software, and graphs were drawn with this software. Data variance analysis was performed with SAS version 9.1 software, and mean comparisons were performed using the LSD test at a probability level of 5%. 3. Results and Discussion: In the experiment, it was found that different growth stages of potato cultivars require different times and degree days. The Agria cultivar grew by 80% in 35 days by receiving 308.8 degree days. Also, this cultivar completed the emergence stage up to a height of 51 cm in 32 days by receiving 359.2 degree days, and the tuber formation stage took 1.8 days. After that, by receiving 15 degree days and 10.7 days after that, of receiving 140 days 80% entered flowering. Jeli cultivar became 80% emergence in 30 days with 263 degree days and reached the stage of emergence up to a height of 51 cm in 45.4 days with 502 degree days. Also, tuber formation in this cultivar started before reaching 51 cm, and the tuber formation stage was completed by 80% flowering after 10 days at 100 degrees. The Lady Rosetta cultivar also reached the stage of emergence up to a height of 51 cm in 51.7 days with 597 degree-days, emergence up to tuber formation in 17.6 days with 192 degree-days, and tuber formation up to 80% of flowering in 16.4 days, receiving 183 degree-days. All three cultivars completed their life cycle in 141 days from planting to harvesting by receiving 1578.5 degree days. Figure 1 shows the phenological stages of the cultivars tested. In the present experiment, it was found that the closer we get to the hot months, the amount of photothermal units received per day increases, and the growth stages go faster. The results of Table 5 show these points that the highest percentage of difference in photothermal index between treatments is 6% at the 50% emergence stage, 5% at the height of 51 cm of the plants, 2% at the 70% coverage of the plants 4% at the modulation stage and The flowering stage was 10%. Comparison of average data indicates that in weed-free conditions, the Lady Rosetta cultivar has more heat consumption efficiency than other treatments. This cultivar produces an economic yield (tuber) in 140 days from planting to harvesting for receiving fewer heat units. The cultivar Lady Rosetta was the best treatment in terms of efficiency of heliothermal use in conditions with and without weeds. According to the results, the efficiency of heliothermal consumption of Jeli cultivar decreases by 43.5% Agria by 36.7% and Lady Rosetta by 35.5% in the presence of weeds. 4. Conclusion: The results show that different potato cultivars differ in terms of agro-climatic characteristics. These differences play the main role in selecting and cultivating this product in different regions. The present experiment found that the Lady Rosetta cultivar has the most heat consumption efficiency. Therefore, this cultivar can be grown in areas where the length of the season from planting to harvesting is short due to weather restrictions. Cultivated Lady Rosetta is a semi-late cultivar and can be a good alternative to early cultivars, which have low yields. فنولوژی و سرعت نمو، نقطه کلیدی سازگاری با شـرایط متنوع محیطی است. زمان مناسب برای اعمال مدیریت، معمولاً با استفاده از مرحله‌ی رشدی خاصی مانند سبزشدن و گلدهی بیان می‌شود. ازآنجاکه دوره رشد و نیاز حرارتی ارقام سیب‌زمینی متفاوت است، لازم است با انجام پژوهش‌هایی، ارقام مطلوب برای هر منطقه شناسایی شود. پژوهش حاضر برای ارزیابی مراحل فنولوژیک سه رقم سیب‌زمینی بر اساس درجه-روز رشد، شاخص‌های نوری و حرارتی و اثر آن روی عملکرد در سال زراعی 1402-1401 در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار اجرا شد. رقم‌های آزمایشی شامل کشت سه رقم مختلف سیب‌زمینی (آگریا، جلی و لیدی‌رزتا) بودند. پس از ظهور و استقرار گیاهچه ها، تاریخ ورود هر یک از ارقام به مرحله ی رشدی، یاداشت و بر این اساس شاخص‌های زراعی اقلیمی محاسبه شدند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد، که ارقام آگریا، جلی و لیدی رزتا برای سبزشدن به‌ترتیب به 308/8، 263 و 288 درجه-روز و برای گلدهی به 823 ، 730 و 663 درجه-روز نیاز داشتند. رقم لیدی‌رزتا با کارایی مصرف حرارت در شرایط با و بدون علف‌های هرز به ترتیب 30 و 46 و از نظر کارایی مصرف هلیوترمال به ترتیب 2/8 و 4/3 کیلوگرم در هکتار، بهترین رقم بود. طبق نتایج، کارایی مصرف هلیوترمال رقم جلی 43/5 ، آگریا 36/7 و لیدی رزتا 35/5 درصد در شرایط وجود علف‌های هرز کاهش می‌یابد. بنابراین، لیدی‌رزتا متحمل‌ترین رقم به حضور علف‌های هرز از نظر این شاخص است. همچنین مشخص شد، لیدی‌رزتا که رقمی نیمه دیررس است، می‌تواند جایگزین خوبی برای ارقام زودرسی باشد، که عملکرد پایینی دارند.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_727911_41b0d3ae75336fbcbb54fc4f90ec6414.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 Influence of drought stress on the growth of African basil (Ocimum gratissimum). بررسی تأثیر خشکی بر رشد، خواص کیفی و عناصر در گیاه ریحان آفریقایی (Ocimum gratissimum) 169 178 707280 10.22034/iuvs.2023.2001866.1285 FA حمیده فاطمی محقق، گروه باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران 0000-0002-8945-1224 مجید عزیزی استاد گروه باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران 0000-0002-8813-4518 محمدحسین روانبخش گروه اکولوژی و تنوع زیستی، دانشگاه اوترخت، اوترخت، ایران 0000-0002-4330-6080 Journal Article 2023 05 08 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: Increasing drought due to global climate change will reduce plant growth and thus reduce food production in natural ecosystems and agricultural systems. In response, plants undergo several physiological and morphological modifications like reduced transpiration and photosynthesis rate, osmotic adjustments, suppressed root and shoot growth, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), modified stress signalling pathways, and senescence. To cope with these challenges, plant scientists will need to begin producing novel crop varieties that have increased yield, that are tolerant to abiotic stresses, and that have improved water and nutrient uptake efficiencies. Among the methods available, knowing about the response of different plant species to drought stress and selecting resistant species is considered one of the efficient solutions. Basil is one of the most popular and valuable vegetables, widely used around the world. It is marketed both in fresh and dried form for use in the spice and food industries and also as a medicinal plant with applications in the perfume, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This plant grows under warm conditions, but it is so sensitive to drought stress. The significant reduction under drought stress is widely reported. 2. Materials and Methods: First, a pre-test comparing two species, Ocimum basilicum and O. gratissimum, the results showed that the plant weight and chlorophyll in O. gratissimum species are significantly higher than basilicum. Then, the main study was conducted to investigate the response of O. gratissimum species to drought stress in the climatic conditions of Mashhad. In this research, seedlings of this species were prepared in the greenhouse and then transferred to pots, and after the complete establishment of water stress was applied, and the plants were kept until the flowering stage. The drought-stressed plants received half the amount of water compared to the control plants. All cultivation practices were carried out uniformly for all pots, and no fertilizers or additional substances were applied to the plants during the experiment. Then the morphological characteristics (wet and dry weight of the plant, height, leaf area, and root volume), chlorophyll, relative water content, antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content, vitamin C content, and concentration of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, manganese) were measured. 3. Results and Discussion: The results of this research showed that fresh weight, dry weight, height, leaf area, root volume, and stem diameter decreased by 61, 55, 51, 52, 11, and 35% respectively, in stressed plants compared to the control. The indicators related to chlorophyll fluorescence were affected by drought stress in this plant, and except for Fm and Fv/Fm, where Ft and F0 increased by 20% and 24%, respectively, compared to the control plants. Photosynthesis in these plants showed a significant decrease of 31% under the influence of the decrease in irrigation water, which was completely predictable. Drought stress in this type of basil could not show significant effects on antioxidant capacity and vitamin C, while the amount of total phenol, total flavonoid, and chlorophyll showed a significant difference from control plants. Chlorophyll increased by 5% in stressed plants, but total phenol and total flavonoid showed a significant decrease of 7% and 6%, respectively, compared to the control plants. In this experiment, the amount of proline was affected by drought stress and increased by 55%. The activity of the peroxidase enzyme also showed an increase of 68% in this plant under the stress of low irrigation. Membrane leakage was also recorded at higher numbers in this plant under stress, increasing by up to 44%. According to the findings of this research, the concentration of macro and micro elements, except for iron, was affected by stress. Thus, the content of nitrogen, manganese, zinc, phosphorus, and potassium in the plants that received less water decreased by 15, 31, 31, 21, and 22% respectively, compared to the control plants. It seems that in O. gratissimum, drought stress significantly decreases photosynthesis and macro and microelements, and finally biomass. 4. Conclusions: It seems that in normal conditions, O. gratissimum performs better than O. basilicum. Under drought stress quality and biomass of O. gratissimum are significantly affected, and the absorption of nutrients is more impacted than other indicators, such as metabolites, but more research is needed with the presence of other species in different weather conditions and different degrees of stress. انتخاب گونه های مقاوم و متناسب با اقلیم هر منطقه یکی از راهکارهای کارآمد تحت تنش به حساب میآید. بدین منظور این پژوهش با هدف بررسی پاسخ گونهO. gratissimum به تنش خشکی در بهار و تابستان 1401 در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شد. در ابتدا پیش تست اولیه بر روی گونه رایج O. basilicum و O. gratissimum انجام و نتایج نشان داد که وزن بوته و شاخص سبزینگی در گونه O. gratissimum نسبت به O. basilicum بطور معنی داری بالاتر است. در مرحله دوم تاثیر تنش خشکی بر گونه O. gratissimum بررسی شد. در ابتدا نشاها تهیه و سپس به گلدان منتقل شدند و پس از استقرار کامل تنش خشکی (100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) اعمال و گیاهان تا مرحله گلدهی نگهداری شدند. سپس صفات وزن تر و خشک گیاه، ارتفاع، سطح برگ، حجم ریشه، شاخص سبزینگی، نشت غشا، فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی، محتوی فنل و فلاونوئید، ویتامین ث، فعالیت آنزیم پراکسیداز، پرولین و غلظت عناصر غذایی (نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم، آهن، روی، منگنز) اندازه گیری شد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان داد وزن تر، وزن خشک، ارتفاع، سطح برگ، و قطر ساقه به ترتیب 61، 55، 51، 52، و 35 درصد در گیاهان تحت تنش نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافتند. گیاهان در شرایط تنش میزان شاخص سبزینگی بالاتر اما میزان فنل و فلاونوئید پایینتری را ثبت کردند. علاوه بر این محتوای عناصر نیتروژن، منگنز، روی، فسفر و پتاسیم تحت تنش به ترتیب 15، 31، 31، 21 و 22 درصد نسبت به گیاهان شاهد کاهش یافت. به نظر می رسد جذب عناصر غذایی بیش از شاخص های دیگر مانند متابولیت ها تحت تأثیر تنش قرار گرفته است که این مسئله نیاز به بررسی بیشتری دارد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_707280_437336f0bf1791a4559ce9a4f5c4f78b.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 Investigating the effect of humic acid on the water use efficiency, yield, and some physiological characteristics of bell pepper plants under different water levels بررسی اثر اسید هومیک بر کارایی مصرف آب، عملکرد و برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی گیاه فلفل دلمه‌ای تحت سطوح مختلف آبی 179 200 728077 10.22034/iuvs.2023.2012442.1319 FA مهتاب روشنیان دانش‌آموخته دکتری، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران 0000-0002-9990-3546 افسانه عالی نژادیان دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه لرستان،خرم آباد، ایران 0000-0001-5669-2489 عباس ملکی دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشگاه لرستان،خرم آباد، ایران 0000-0001-6367-2793 امیر لکزیان استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران 0000-0003-3972-5802 Journal Article 2023 09 27 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: An experiment in a randomized complete block design with three levels of humic-acid (0 (HA0), 2 (HA2), and 4 (HA4) gr/pot) and four irrigation levels (60 (L60), 80 (L80), 100 (L100), 120 (L120), percent of soil moisture depletion) with four replications was performed in the research greenhouse at Faculty of Agriculture of Bojnourd University. To prepare the pots, the soil sample was passed through a 2 mm sieve, and humic acid was added to the soil sample according to the experimental treatments. Two bell pepper seedlings were transferred to each pot, and all pots were irrigated according to the experimental treatments. Eighty days after cultivation, Plants were harvested, and soil samples were air dried. Soil texture, soil pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, total chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid content, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and yield were determined by conventional methods. 2. Materials and Methods: An experiment in a randomized complete block design with three levels of humic-acid (0 (HA0), 2 (HA2), and 4 (HA4) gr/pot) and four irrigation levels (60 (L60), 80 (L80), 100 (L100), 120 (L120), percent of soil moisture depletion) with four replications was performed in the research greenhouse at Faculty of Agriculture of Bojnourd University. To prepare the pots, the soil sample was passed through a 2 mm sieve, and humic acid was added to the soil sample according to the experimental treatments. Two bell pepper seedlings were transferred to each pot, and all pots were irrigated according to the experimental treatments. Eighty days after cultivation, Plants were harvested, and soil samples were air dried. Soil texture, soil pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, total chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid content, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and yield were determined by conventional methods. 3. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the best bell pepper fruit yield was observed in L80H40, L100H40, and L120H40 treatments, respectively, which had no significant difference, while the highest water use (7136.80 m3 ha-1) was seen in L120HA0. Also, the lowest values of yield (14.21 g plant-1) and water use (3584.61 m3 ha-1) were observed in L60HA0 and L60HA40, respectively. Moreover, the results showed that the maximum value of WUE was obtained in L80HA40 (7.45 kg m-3), while the lowest WUE value was obtained in L60HA0 (0.80 kg m-3) These results can be attributed to the ratio of yield to water use so that the yield has increased with the increase in water use, but the rate of increase in yield is lower than the rate of increase in water use. The amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids of the plant increased significantly with the increase in the application of humic acid and irrigation levels. Also, according to the results, it can be recommended to use humic acid to reduce the negative effects of drought stress in bell pepper. The results showed that with the use of the higher amount of humic acid (HA4) and less irrigation water consumption (80% soil moisture depletion), the fruit yield of bell peppers incresedand the Water consumption was saved, on the other hand, by improving the physical and chemical characteristics of soil and improved the plant growth, crop production increased. Therefore, the application of humic acid can be a sustainable solution to increase the growth of bell pepper in The conditions of drought stress. According to this study's results, increasing the severity of drought stress will result in the reduction of the studied traits,However, humic acid fertilizer treatment can protect the plant against drought stress by increasing growth indicators such as root length, stem length, and relative water content of leaves, that leads to reduction of damage caused by stress. 4. Conclusion: In general, nutrient absorption, pepper growth, and pepper yield were observed in the HA40 treatment with an 80% soil moisture level. It seems that the use of humic acid can counteract the detrimental effects of water deficit in soil. Applying humic acid increased the water efficiency in the experimental condition. More soil water content (100 and 120 percent of soil moisture discharge) did not show any significant effect in increasing bell pepper yield. So, based on the research results, HA application and less soil water content (L80) are valuable strategies for increasing the yield and WUE in pepper plant production in greenhouse conditions. با توجه به بحران کم‌آبی و نقش به‌سزای اسیدهای آلی در کاهش اثرات منفی تنش خشکی، مطالعه‌ی حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر همزمان اسید هومیک و کم‌آبیاری بر کارایی مصرف آب، عملکرد و برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی گیاه فلفل دلمه‌‌ای به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه سطح اسید هومیک (صفر، 20 و 40 گرم بر گلدان) و چهار سطح آبیاری (60، 80، 100 و 120 درصد از تخلیه رطوبتی خاک)، در گلخانه‌ی تحقیقاتی دانشگاه بجنورد با چهار تکرار انجام شد. بهترین عملکرد میوه فلفل دلمه‌ای به ترتیب در تیمارهای L80H40، L100H40 و L120H40 مشاهده گردید که با یکدیگر اختلاف معنی‌داری نداشتند و کم‌ترین عملکرد (21/14 گرم در بوته) در تیمار L60HA0 مشاهده شد. هم‌چنین بیش‌ترین و کم‌ترین مقدار کارایی مصرف آّب به‌ترتیب در تیمار L80HA40 (45/7 کیلوگرم در مترمکعب) و تیمارL60HA0 (8/0 کیلوگرم در متر مکعب) مشاهده شد. مقادیر کلروفیل a، b، کل و کاروتنوئید گیاه با افزایش مقدار اسید هومیک مصرفی و سطوح آبیاری به‌صورت معنی‌داری افزایش و با اعمال تنش آبی، کاهش یافت. کاربرد 40 گرم بر گلدان اسید هومیک، سبب افزایش معنی‌دار وزن تر و خشک اندام هوایی، رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی و غلظت عناصر نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم اندام هوایی در مقایسه با عدم کاربرد اسید هومیک گردید، به‌طوری‌که غلظت عناصر نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم فلفل دلمه‌ای در تیمار HA40 نسبت به تیمار HA0 به ترتیب، 50/3، 34/8 و 14/5 درصد افزایش نشان داد. با توجه به نتایج می‌توان استفاده از اسید هومیک را برای کاهش اثرات منفی تنش کم‌آبی فلفل دلمه‌ای توصیه نمود.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_728077_c6867fb2b45402a9c943485c1f990c9a.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 Effect of the pure extract of some medicinal plants on the control of crown gall in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) تأثیر عصاره خالص برخی از گیاهان دارویی بر کنترل گال طوقه در گیاه گوجه‌‌فرنگی (.Solanum lycopersicum L) 201 222 728078 10.22034/iuvs.2023.2013385.1321 FA امید سهرابی استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی (گیاهان دارویی)، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0003-2121-0325 عبدالله حاتم زاده استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران 0000-0002-4784-9613 عظیم قاسم نژاد استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گلستان، ایران 0000-0003-0020-3468 حبیب الله سمیع زاده استاد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران 0000-0001-9032-0558 وحید عرفانی مقدم استادیار گروه نانو فناوری، دانشکده فناوری‌‌های نوین پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گلستان، گرگان، ایران 0000-0002-6723-5766 Journal Article 2023 10 11 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: Today, due to the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and poisons during production, humans and agricultural products have suffered a lot of physical and environmental damage. With the advancement of technology, new findings from researchers and scientists, as well as the discovery of the positive effects of natural compounds, the approach of using medicinal plants has taken the place of chemicals and is progressing day by day. Plant metabolites in plants have various roles and functions. Generally, play a role in protecting the plant and contributing to some biological mechanisms such as pollination, resistance to pathogenic agents, and living enemies of the plant. With this point of view, researchers presented allelopathic plants for sustainable agricultural production, and their products, which show herbicidal, antifungal, insecticidal, and pesticide properties, have received much attention. These biological compounds or secondary metabolites have different types. Biochemically, these compounds are included in categories such as essential oils, phenols, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, etc. These compounds, today, have a special place in the industry in various fields such as medicine, pesticides and insecticides, spices, and edible colors. These compounds also have important effects inside the plant. The role of these compounds on growth regulators, resistance against pests and diseases in plants, and defense against biological disturbance agents. In this regard, in recent decades, many plant extracts have been widely researched and investigated to examine their effect on the prevention and control of diseases. A large number of reports have documented that the use of plant extracts helps control certain plant and animal diseases. Based on this and considering the goal of organic production and green agriculture, extracts of six medicinal plants were investigated on the growth process and control of crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) disease in tomato plants. 2. Materials and Methods: The present research was conducted in two parts, in vitro and ex vitro, to investigate the effect of extracts of some medicinal plants on the control of crown gall disease (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) in a completely randomized design. For this purpose, in an ex-vitro (greenhouse) experiment, after contamination of the crown gall through wounding with T9 strain and the appearance of symptoms of contamination of the site of gall formation, were treated with the extracts of Juniperus sabina, Taraxacum officinale, Dorema aucheri, Rheum ribes, Conocarpus erectus, and Allium jesdianum were treated in three concentrations of 1000, 5000, and 8000 mg/L. The investigated traits in this experiment included gall weight, gall diameter, auxin and cytokinin regulator levels, total phenol, and total flavonoid. In-vitro experiment was conducted by two types of protocols. First protocol to investigate the effect of the extracts on the gall bacteria growth, directly, plant extracts were added to the LB culture medium, and the bacteria were cultivated to check the inhibitory effect of the extracts. Second protocol, Agrobacterium tumefaciens was cultured in LB medium, and then the effect of plant extracts was investigated by placing disks containing extracts in concentrations of 1000, 5000, and 8000 mg/L. 3. Results and Discussion: It was observed that under the effect of using plant extracts in the greenhouse, the weight of gall decreased by 23% and the best result was observed in the treatment of Taraxacum officinale with 8000 mg/L. In this regard, the growth diameter trend of gall decreased between 4-60% compared to the control. The best result was observed in the treatment of Dorema aucheri 5000 mg/L. The growth regulator of auxin had a downward trend, and cytokinin also decreased by 1%. In examining the direct effect of the extracts on the bacteria cultured in the LB environment, no significant difference was observed in both protocols. The results showed that plant extracts had a significant difference at the levels of 1 and 5%. Based on this, the effect of plant extracts on the diameter of crown gall showed a significant difference at 5% and in other traits such as weight of gall, total phenol, and flavonoid, 1% significant difference was observed compared to the control plant. Although this reduction process did not prevent gall formation, the growth process slowed down compared to the control. Also, the lowest amount of total phenol and flavonoid (2.123 and 1.077 mg/g FW) was observed in the control treatment. The effect of different concentrations of the extracts was different (all treatments), but in general, the application of plant extracts could increase plant metabolites in the gall mass compared to the control. Related to the difference between treatments, an increasing trend in the amount of total phenols and flavonoids was observed with the increase in the concentration of the extracts. The observed trend differs, and this difference is likely related to the variation in the internal levels of secondary metabolites among different plants. Now, by comparing the results of biochemical, morphological, and growth regulators in the plant, it is clear that this decrease in the amount of auxin and cytokinin levels has shown itself in the morphology of the collar gall. 4. Conclusion: Biochemical analysis of plant extracts showed that the used extracts are rich in phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant, and auxin compounds. According to the obtained results, it was found that the pure extracts of the mentioned medicinal plants were able to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of crown gall under greenhouse conditions. As mentioned, plants activate their defense system when they are exposed to external compounds. Non-significant difference in in-vitro conditions and significant difference in plant conditions (ex-vivo) related to several issues. Probably, the observed antioxidant and phytohormone contents and the stimulation of the plant's defense system (SAR) are the main reasons for the observed results. امروزه استفاده بی رویه و نامناسب از مواد شیمیایی در تمام زمینه های زندگی بشر، سبب ایجاد مشکلات متعددی برای خود بشر و محیط زیست گردیده است. تحقیق حاضر در دو بخش درون و برون شیشه ای، با هدف بررسی اثر عصاره برخی از گیاهان دارویی بر کنترل بیماری گال طوقه (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی انجام گردید. به این منظور در آزمایش برون شیشه ای (گلخانه) پس از آلوده سازی طوقه از طریق زخم زنی با سویه T9 و بروز علائم آلودگی، محل تشکیل گال با عصاره گیاهان اورس (Juniperus sabina)، گل قاصدک ( Taraxacum officinale)، کندل (Dorema aucheri)، ریواس (Rheum ribes)، کهور آمریکایی (Conocarpus erectus) و بن سرخ (Allium jesdianum) در سه غلظت 1000، 5000 و 8000 میلی گرم بر لیتر از طریق تزریق به ساقه گیاه، تیمار شد. نتایج نشان داد که تحت تأثیر استفاده از عصاره های گیاهی در گلخانه، وزن توده گال تا 23 درصد کاهش یافت که بهترین نتیجه در تیمار گل قاصدک 8000 میلی گرم بر لیتر مشاهده شد. در همین راستا، روند رشدی توده گال بین 60 -4 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد، کاهش یافت. بهترین نتیجه در تیمار کندل 5000 میلی گرم بر لیتر مشاهده گردید. تنظیم‌کننده رشدی اکسین روند نزولی داشت و سایتوکینین نیز به میزان 1 درصد کاهش یافت. در بررسی تأثیر مستقیم عصاره ها بر باکتری های کشت‌شده در محیط LB، اختلاف معنی داری مشاهده نگردید. آنالیز بیوشیمایی عصاره های گیاهی نشان داد که عصاره‌های استفاده شده غنی از ترکیبات فنولی، فلاونوئیدی، آنتی اکسیدانی و اکسین هستند. احتمالاً محتویات آنتی اکسیدانی و فیتوهورمونی مشاهده شده و تحریک سیستم دفاعی گیاه، عامل اصلی نتایج به دست آمده باشد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_728078_2e7d8e274cd9af390fa8af558ea65e63.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 9 17 2025 06 22 The effects of foliar application of sugar beet molasses on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Dafnis) اثر محلول‌پاشی ملاس چغندرقند روی صفات رشدی و عملکرد گوجه‌فرنگی گلخانه‌ای (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Dafnis) 223 242 728079 10.22034/iuvs.2023.2014613.1328 FA راحله میراکبری دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران 0000-0003-1205-7277 کامبیز مشایخی استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران 0000-0003-1205-7277 سید جواد موسوی زاده دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران 0000-0002-2549-5906 صادق آتشی کارشناس آزمایشگاه گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران 0000-0003-1205-7277 Journal Article 2023 10 29 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: Due to the increase in tomato cultivation in greenhouses, the need for organic nutrition to increase the yield and health of the product is more necessary than ever. Sucrose is the main transportable product of photosynthesis in the phloem vessels, which is absorbed through the leaf, and especially in low light conditions, it provides the necessary energy for the growth of reproductive organs and increases the growth of the fruit. The use of natural compounds, such as beet molasses, in combination with sucrose can have positive effects on the quantitative and qualitative growth of tomatoes. Despite the studies of sucrose in the form of foliar spraying in plants, there is little information about the effect of sugar beet molasses in greenhouse conditions. Therefore, in this research, the effects of foliar application of sugar beet molasses on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of greenhouse tomatoes of the Dafnis variety were studied. 2. Materials and methods: The treatments included sugar beet molasses in concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 15%, which were applied as a foliar spray one week after plant establishment and repeated once every 10 days. The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replications. The measured variables included plant height, leaf length, leaf width, fruit firmness, soluble solids, acidity, vitamin C, total sugar, glucose, sucrose, fructose, lycopene, chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Plant height measurement and yield were calculated based on plant height and fruit weight up to the first three clusters of the plant. The test data was analyzed using SAS statistical software. The mean comparisons for each attribute were also done using Duncan's test at the probability level of 5%. 3. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest plant height (55.43 cm), fruit firmness (4.23 kgcm2-1), chlorophyll a (1.4 mgg-1 FW), chlorophyll b (0.423 mgg-1 FW), total chlorophyll (1.824 mgg-1 FW), and anthocyanin (0.216 µg-1 FW) were related to the 10% sugar beet molasses. The highest fruit yield (1600 g per plant) was related to the 5% molasses, which was statistically not significantly different from the 10% molasses. The findings of phytochemical compounds revealed that the highest amount of soluble solids (5.03%), vitamin C (2.38 mg/100 ml of fruit juice), and lycopene (122.11 mgg-1) was found in 10% molasses sugar beet has been theitized. Also, the highest amount of total sugar (26.13 mgg-1), glucose (7.36 mgg-1), sucrose (4.12 mgg-1), and fructose (1.92 mg/g) was observed in 10 % of molasses. The highest amount of total phenol (15.95 mgg-1), flavonoid (2.71 mgg-1), and antioxidant (61.48%) was related to the 10% molasses. The highest amount of nitrogen (3.8%), phosphorus (0.328%), potassium (4.04%), calcium (2.62 mgg-1), and magnesium (2.14 mgg-1) was obtained in foliar application of 10% molasses. Tomato is a light-demanding plant, so light is the limiting factor in its greenhouse production. During the winter months, due to the short day length and low radiation intensity, the amount of light received during the day is greatly reduced, which causes the reduction of greenhouse tomato yield. Sugar compounds can have a positive effect on the increase of photosynthetic pigments. Therefore, foliar application of molasses can improve the chlorophyll concentration, and at the same time, it does not cause photosynthetic inhibition in low light conditions of the greenhouse. External foliar spraying of beet molasses causes foliar absorption of sugar and can help tomato plants as an effective method, especially in conditions of low photosynthetic production. Soluble sugars, especially sucrose, glucose, and fructose, play an important role in plant structure and metabolism. 4. Conclusion: In general, the results of this research showed that the amount of photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanins, soluble sugars, antioxidant compounds, and macro elements in 10% sugar beet molasses was significantly higher than the control. The 5% molasses increased the yield and finally the weight of the tomato fruit. The role of sugar beet molasses becomes effective when the plant is exposed to the stress of a lack of light (such as greenhouse conditions in the winter months), because photosynthetic production is limited in the stress of light deficiency. Future research should be focused on sugar transporter minerals such as potassium nitrate and magnesium nitrate. In this experiment, evidence was presented that sugar beet molasses changes the biochemical reaction of tomato to increase fruit quality and total yield. رعایت تغذیه و استفاده از ترکیبات طبیعی مانند ملاس چغندرقند میتواند اثرات مثبتی روی رشد گوجه فرنگی داشته باشد. هدف پژوهش حاضر نیز بررسی اثر محلولپاشی ملاس چغندرقند روی خصوصیات کمی و کیفی گوجه فرنگی گلخانهای رقم دانفیس بود. محلولپاشی ملاس در غلظت های صفر، 5، 10 و 15 درصد، یک هفته پس از استقرار گیاه و به فواصل 10 روز یکبار انجام شد. آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با چهار تیمار و سه تکرار در سال 1401 در شرایط گلخانه‌ هیدروپونیک اجرا گردید. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین ارتفاع بوته (55/43 سانتیمتر)، سفتی میوه (4/23 کیلوگرم بر سانتی متر مربع)، کلروفیل کل (1/82 میلیگرم در گرم وزن تر) و آنتوسیانین (0/21 میکروگرم در گرم وزن تر) مربوط به تیمار 10 درصد ملاس بود. همچنین بالاترین عملکرد میوه (1600 گرم در بوته) در تیمار 5 درصد ملاس ثبت شد. بالاترین مواد جامد محلول میوه (5/03 درصد)، ویتامین ث (2/38 میلی گرم در 100 میلی لیتر آب میوه)، لیکوپن (122/11 میلی گرم در گرم)، قند کل (26/13 میلی گرم در گرم)، گلوکز (7/36 میلی گرم در گرم)، ساکارز (4/12 میلی گرم در گرم) و فروکتوز (1/92 میلی گرم در گرم) مربوط به تیمار 10 درصد ملاس بود. از نظر عناصر غذایی نیز بیشترین نیتروژن کل میوه (3/8 درصد)، فسفر (0/32 درصد) و پتاسیم (4/04 درصد) در تیمار 10 درصد ملاس به دست آمد. به طور کلی میزان رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی، آنتوسیانین، قندهای محلول، ترکیبات آنتی اکسیدانی و عناصر غذایی در تیمار 10 درصد ملاس به‌طور معنی‌داری از سایر تیمارها بیشتر بود. اما تیمار 5 درصد سبب ارتقای وزن میوه و در نهایت افزایش عملکرد گوجه فرنگی گردید.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_728079_0d7de200a8a7cfc2d534106c40e51452.pdf