دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 Investigating the effect of temperature and soil on the yield of tomato in the irrigated lands of Kermanshah province بررسی اثر دما و خاک بر عملکرد گوجه‌فرنگی در اراضی آبی استان کرمانشاه 1 22 738620 10.22034/iuvs.2023.1987602.1267 FA میرناصر نویدی دانشیار پژوهشی، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران 0000-0001-5087-9760 بهاره دلسوز خاکی پژوهشگر، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران 0000-0001-5121-2175 منصور چترنور پژوهشگر، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران 0000-0003-3259-9196 ابراهیم اسعدی اسکویی استادیار پژوهشی، پژوهشگاه هواشناسی و علوم جو، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-5603-765X Journal Article 2023 01 17 1. Introduction: Understanding climate and soil variables will be an important step in proper agricultural planning and utilization of resources, especially in the irrigated lands of the country, which are facing the problem of water shortage today. Tomato, with the scientific name of Solanum lycopersicum, is one of the important vegetables of the Solanaceae family, which is widely and often cultivated as an annual plant and is one of the most important agricultural products in the country. Considering the sensitivity of tomatoes to temperature, basic research on this topic is crucial to reduce investment risk and water waste as a valuable resource by identifying unsuitable climate conditions for growing this product. In this regard, land suitability assessment studies provide very useful information for decision-makers. Kermanshah province is one of the prominent provinces in the field of agriculture and is the main producer of many important and strategic products. To properly use resources and increase production, and considering the review of sources that shows no study has been done to investigate the effect of temperature and soil on tomatoes which are cultivated in the irrigated lands of Kermanshah province, this study investigated the effect of temperature and soil on the performance of this product in each of the temperature classes including these lands to determine the degree of compliance of the temperature conditions of each class with the temperature requirements of this product. 2. Materials and Methods: By overlapping the shapefiles of the temperature classes and irrigated lands of Kermanshah province, the temperature classes were determined within the irrigated lands of the province. Subsequently, a synoptic station was selected in each temperature class, and for each synoptic station, climatic data were collected for a thirty-year statistical period (1991-2021). To evaluate the climate and soil for tomato suitability according to the FAO method, the tables of climatic and soil and landscape requirements of tomato developed by the experts of the Soil and Water Research Institute were used. The investigated climatic parameters included the mean temperature of the growing cycle, the mean temperature during the yield formation period, and the difference between night and day temperatures during the flowering stage. The phenological periods for each of the studied temperature classes were completed using expert knowledge and farmers’ experience in this province. Based on the phenological periods of each region and the temperature requirements table, a degree between 0 and 100 was assigned to each of the parameters. Then, the lowest grade obtained was considered equivalent to the climate index (CI), and the final climate grade (CR) was determined. The investigated soil and landscape parameters include slope, flooding, drainage, depth, soil texture and structure, coarse fragment, CaCO3, gypsum, apparent CEC, base saturation, the sum of basic cations, soil acidity, organic carbon, EC, and ESP. Soil indices (SI) were calculated using the parametric-square root method, and based on these indices, the suitability classes were determined. 3. Results and Discussion: The irrigated lands of the province fall into three classes out of the five classes of the temperature map. These classes are in order of area: cold class with a temperature between 10 and 15 ◦C, temperate class with a temperature between 15 and 18.5 ◦C, and hot class with a temperature between 18.5 and 22 ◦C. Based on the results, in the cold temperature class, the mean temperature during the flowering stage is the most limiting factor for tomato cultivation, and in the hot and temperate temperature classes, the mean temperature during the yield formation period poses the greatest constraint for the cultivation of this product. The degrees of climatic suitability calculated for cold, temperate, and hot classes were about 84, 82, and 61, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the temperature potential of Kermanshah province for irrigated tomato cultivation is different in the three studied strata, and the eastern regions of the province are the most suitable areas for cultivating the crop. Hence, it is suggested that before investing in the cultivation of this product, the effect of climate on production should be considered, so that, having a perspective of the result of cultivation, appropriate policies can be adopted to prevent wrong investments and the best product can be selected for sustainable production. The most important limiting factors for the growth and production of this product in the three studied temperature classes were soil acidity, slope, drainage, and soil physical properties (texture and structure of soil and gravel). Soil acidity was the most important limiting factor in the two temperate and hot temperature classes. In the cold temperature class, slope and acidity were the two most important factors in reducing tomato production. The total percentage of the area of very suitable and relatively suitable classes in cold, moderate, and hot temperature classes is about 33, 60, and 54%, respectively. Among the cities, Kangavar, Ravansar, and Sarpol-e Zahab have the largest relative area of suitable soils (with high and medium suitability) in the cold, temperate, and hot temperature classes, respectively. Kermanshah also has lands with suitable soil in two cold and moderate temperature classes. 4. Conclusion: In Kermanshah province, in the cold, moderate, and hot temperature classes, the temperature factor will be 26%, 28, and 39% effective in reducing the yield compared to the potential conditions and moving from the east to the west of the province, the ability of the regions to cultivate irrigated tomatoes decreases, and the western regions of the province have a relatively high-temperature constraint during the yield formation period. The results of the soil suitability study showed that soil acidity and slope were the most important factors in reducing the yield of this crop in all three temperature classes. According to the results of temperature and soil suitability, it can be said that the moderate temperature class has relatively more suitable temperature and soil conditions for tomato cultivation. استفاده بهینه از اراضی کشاورزی با توجه به نوع محصول و نیازهای اقلیمی و خاکی، با درنظر گرفتن شرایط بالقوه خاک و آب، سبب تولید پایدار و جلوگیری از هدر رفت منابع می‌گردد. در این پژوهش اثر دما و خاک بر عملکرد گوجه فرنگی نشایی در اراضی آبی استان کرمانشاه با استفاده از روش ارزیابی تناسب فائو بررسی شد. در این راستا باتوجه به تنوع اقلیمی منطقه، برای مطالعه دقیق و تفکیک اراضی آبی، نقشه رقومی این اراضی با نقشه طبقات دمایی کشور تلفیق شده و بر مبنای دوره های فنولوژیک هر یک از طبقات سرد، معتدل و گرم، درجات تناسب پارامترهای دمایی محاسبه شد، تناسب خاک برای کشت آبی گوجه فرنگی نیز در هر طبقه دمایی با استفاده از روش پارامتریک ریشه دوم تعیین گردید. بر مبنای نتایج، عوامل محدودکننده رشد گوجه فرنگی، میانگین دما در مرحله گلدهی در طبقه سرد و دوره رشد میوه در طبقات معتدل و گرم بودند. بر اساس درجات تناسب اقلیمی محاسبه شده برای طبقات دمایی سرد، معتدل و گرم، عامل دما به ترتیب 26%، 28%، و 39% در کاهش عملکرد نسبت به شرایط بالقوه مؤثر بودند. نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی تناسب خاک نیز نشان داد که اسیدیته خاک و شیب مهمترین عوامل کاهش رشد این محصول در هر سه طبقه دمایی بودند. این محدودیت ها موجب کاهش تناسب خاک برای کشت گوجه فرنگی شده بطوریکه خاک های با کلاس تناسب کم یا نامناسب، در طبقات دمایی سرد، معتدل و گرم، به ترتیب 67%، 40%، و 45% از اراضی را به خود اختصاص می دهند. باتوجه به نتایج تناسب دما و خاک، میتوان گفت که در طبقه دمایی معتدل، شرایط نسبتا مناسبتری برای کشت این محصول وجود دارد. بنابراین پیشنهاد می شود پیش از سرمایه گذاری برای کشت، اثر اقلیم و خاک بر تولید محصول درنظر گرفته شود تا با داشتن دورنمایی از نتیجه کشت، راهکارهای مدیریتی مناسب‌تری به منظور تولید پایدار و جلوگیری از هدر رفت منابع خاک و آب و حفظ سرمایه صورت گیرد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738620_294d25337caeaba56010f572c6d47bc3.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 Assessment of Vegetable Biodiversity in the Agroecosystems of Afghanistan ارزیابی تنوع زیستی سبزی‌ها در بومنظامهای زراعی افغانستان 23 42 738943 10.22034/iuvs.2023.2013291.1320 FA یوسف جامی دانشیار گروه اگرونومی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه هرات- افغانستان و دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران علیرضا کوچکی دانشیار گروه اگرونومی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه هرات- افغانستان و دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران 0000-0002-4820-8906 مهدی نصیری محلاتی دانشیار گروه اگرونومی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه هرات- افغانستان و دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران سرور خرم دل دانشیار گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران 0000-0003-2995-4898 رامین نظریان دانشیار گروه اگرونومی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه هرات، افغانستان Journal Article 2023 10 10 1. Introduction: The functioning of natural and agricultural ecosystems is based on biodiversity, and the reduction of biodiversity is considered a serious threat to the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems and world food security. Intensification and improper use of external inputs have led to ecosystems with less diversity and greater vulnerability. Afghanistan has an agricultural-based economy, and the food security of people is mostly dependent on national agricultural production. However, in recent years, food production in the country has been threatened due to complicated political conditions. It is well documented that proper use of biodiversity could enhance crop production in low-input systems. In Afghanistan, all vegetables and summer crops are known as “vegetables”; however, so far, no published information is available on this important species. This study was conducted to evaluate the vegetables and summer crops in the agroecosystems of Afghanistan. 2. Materials and Methods: To carry out this research, a countrywide dataset was collected. The required data were extracted from questionnaires collected in 388 counties across 34 provinces. For this purpose, in the growing season of 2019 -2020, all provinces and at least 10% of the counties located in each province were selected and evaluated based on the cultivated area of vegetables and summer crop species across the provinces. The national registered information and the data available in the agricultural management centers of the provinces were also used. The existing production systems were differentiated using cluster analysis. Shannon diversity index, Simpson diversity index, and species evenness index were also calculated. The common crop rotations in different provinces were extracted from the questionnaires and included in the relevant table. 3. Results and Discussion: The cultivated vegetables and summer crops in the country are divided into two groups: major vegetables, including Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon), Onion (Allium cepa L.), Melon (Cucumis melo L), and Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L.), and minor vegetables. Watermelon, Melon, Potato, Tomato, and Onion constitute (2.62 %, 2.16 %, 1.56 %, 0.5%, and 0.5 %) of the country's total cultivated area, respectively. The cluster analysis of the cultivated area of various vegetables and summer crops showed the existence of 6 clusters based on the cultivated area and the vegetable production system, number of main vegetables and summer crops cultivated in each province. After Nimroz province (42334 ha), Jawzjan, Farah, and Badghis provinces have the largest cultivated area of five main vegetables and summer crops (27843 ha, 26858 ha, and 23376 ha, respectively). Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were low in most provinces and generally in the vegetable production systems of Afghanistan. On average, the highest value of the Shannon diversity index of vegetables and summer crops was 1.52 (in Baghlan), and the lowest value was 0.05 (in Bamyan). The Simpson's index, with a slight change of maximum of 0.76 and a minimum of 0.02, was estimated for vegetable species. The Evenness index indicated the wide spread of monoculture and low genetic diversity in the vegetable production system in the country. The genetic diversity of vegetable cultivation in Afghanistan was also low, but in the meantime, melon with 76 native genotypes in Faryab, Jawzjan, Balkh, Sarpol, Badghis, and Herat provinces has the highest genetic diversity, and potato with 9 genotypes ranked second. The study showed that the provinces of Afghanistan are very similar in terms of the proportion of land allocated to vegetables. Vegetables appeared in short rotations with cereals, usually with similar sequences in all provinces. 4. Conclusion: The vegetable production systems in Afghanistan suffer from poor diversity at the genetic and species levels. While 31 species of vegetables and summer crops are cultivated by farmers, only 5 species (Watermelon, Melon, Potato, Tomato, and Onion) are widely distributed throughout the country, and three provinces of Bamyan, Nimroz, and Maidan Wardak have the highest percentage of vegetables and summer crops cultivation. Genetic diversity of vegetables in Afghanistan is low, but melons with 76 local genotypes have the highest genetic diversity. In general, the most important solution for poor farmers with limited access to inputs is to increase the species and genetic diversity in order to improve and stabilize production without needing to increase the consumption of external inputs. ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﺑﻮﻡﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫـﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﻭ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ کاهش ﺗﻨـﻮﻉ ﺯﻳـﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻘﺎﻱ ﺑﻮﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ می شود. جهت ارزیابی تنوع زیستی سبزی‌ها و صیفیجات در استانهای مختلف افغانستان، داده های شهرستان‌های 34 استان از طریق نمونه گیری خوشه ای در سال 99-1398 جمع آوری و معیارهای تنوع زیستی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که سبزیها و صیفی جات اصلی شامل هندوانه، خربزه، سیب زمینی، گوجه فرنگی و پیاز به ترتیب با 2/62، 2/16، 1/56، 0/50 و 0/50 درصد از کل سطح زیر کشت محصولات زراعی کشور را تشکیل می دهند. تجزیه کلاستر انواع سبزی ها و صیفی جات اصلی در افغانستان بیانگر وجود شش گروه بود که بعد از استان نیمروز با 42334 هکتار سطح زیر کشت، استان های جوزجان، فراه و بادغیس به ترتیب با 27843، 26858 و 23376 هکتار در مقام بعدی قرار گرفتند. شاخص های تنوع شانون و سیمپسون اکثر استان ها و محصولات کشاورزی افغانستان پایین می باشد. بیشترین و کمترین مقدار شاخص شانون را استان های بغلان (1/52) و بامیان (0/05) دارند. شاخص یکنواختی بیانگر گسترده بودن تک کشتی و تنوع کم ژنتیکی در کشور بود و بیشترین مقدار آن در استان خوست (0/90) گزارش شد. تنوع ژنتیکی سبزی ها و صیفی جات در افغانستان پایین بوده ولی خربزه با 76 توده محلی در استان های فاریاب، جوزجان، بلخ، سرپل، بادغیس و هرات دارای بیشترین تنوع ژنتیکی بود. بطور کلی تنوع گونه ای و ژنتیکی سبزی ها و صیفیجات افغانستان در سطح مطلوبی قرار ندارند و در تناوب های زراعی این کشور جایگاه آن بصورت محدود و همراه با غلات است.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738943_795f1bb954d5146383c636390bf9355f.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 Growth and physiological characteristics comparison of three lettuce varieties grown in a solid medium and floating system under artificial light مقایسه رشد و برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی سه رقم کاهو در بستر جامد و سامانه شناوری زیر نور مصنوعی 43 62 738770 10.22034/iuvs.2024.2023892.1360 FA نیما نشایی مقدم دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران 0009-0009-8636-9231 حسین صادقی دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران 0000-0001-7756-0872 کامران قاسمی دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران 0000-0002-5001-0392 Journal Article 2024 02 27 1. Introduction: Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a leafy vegetable produced during cool seasons and has significant economic value. Many commercial greenhouses around the world use soilless cultivation systems to grow lettuce as one of the crops. Hydroponic systems are classified into two main groups based on the structure of the culture medium, which can have different effects on nutrient absorption, growth rate, yield, and quality characteristics of lettuce. The floating cultivation system is a simple and inexpensive hydroponic system that can be used to grow vegetables, particularly lettuce. The most important advantage of floating systems is that they reduce fertilizer waste and environmental pollution. However, replacing the nutrient solution could destroy the advantages of the system. Artificial lights can be used to increase light intensity in greenhouse crops in low-light areas, and supplementary light can also be used to increase the length of lighting hours. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hydroponic, floating, and solid substrate cultivation on the growth and production of three lettuce varieties under artificial light conditions. 2. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a factorial format based on a completely randomized design, with two factors comprising the cultivation system (solid and floating substrate) and the cultivar (Green French, Iceberg Grizzly, and Butterhead), with three replications. The seeds of lettuce varieties were sown in a seedling tray with a mixture of coir fibre and perlite in a volume ratio of 50:50. Four weeks after sowing, the seedlings were transferred to the main substrate under the following conditions: LED light of 225 μmol/m-2 s-1 intensity, 4 cm from the edge of the pot, the temperature of 21 ± 2 °C, and light/dark period of 16 /8 h. Hoagland solution was used as the nutrient solution for the solid medium, which was fed every three days. Also, lettuces were placed in Hoagland nutrient solution in the floating system. 50 days after transplanting, the lettuces were harvested, and vegetative characteristics, photosynthetic pigments comprising chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids were measured. Also, the photosynthesis efficiency index was measured using the Fluorimeter. 3. Results and Discussion: The French variety had the highest aerial parts fresh weight in the floating system, which was significantly different from that of the Buttered and Grizzly varieties. The highest aerial parts fresh weight in the Grizzly variety was observed in the solid substrate, which was significantly different from that of the Butterhead and French varieties in the solid substrate. The Butterhead variety had significantly lower aerial fresh weight than the superior treatments in this experiment, which were French in the floating system and Grizzly in the solid substrate, regardless of cultivation system type. The Grizzly cultivar grown in solid substrate had the most antioxidant content, which was identical to the Grizzly cultivar grown in the floating system, but significantly higher than other treatments. The cultivation system enhanced antioxidant activity only in the French cultivars. Therefore, the solid substrate increased the antioxidant activity of the leaves in this cultivar compared to the floating system, but the cultivation system did not result in any significant differences in the antioxidant activity of the same cultivar, Butterhead or Grizzly. The Butterhead cultivar in the solid substrate achieved the highest leaf stomatal conductance, which differed significantly from all other treatment combinations, whereas the French cultivar had the lowest stomatal conductance in the floating system, and there were no significant differences between them on solid substrates. 4. Conclusion: In terms of growth and performance, the French variety of lettuce has a very acceptable condition in the floating culture system and can be considered commercially. If a lettuce grower wants to produce the Grizzly variety, it is preferable to use a solid medium instead of a floating system. Regardless of the cultivation system, the butter head generally showed weaker growth than the French and Grizzly varieties. Finally, it should be noted that the functional, morphological, and biochemical reactions of lettuce in different cultivation systems depend on the variety of the plant, so selecting the appropriate cultivation system should be based on the characteristics of the variety. کاهو با نام علمی Lactucae sativa یک سبزی‌ برگی، محصول فصل خنک و از نظر اقتصادی بسیار ارزشمند می‌باشد. کاهو از جمله محصولاتی است، که پرورش آن در سامانه‌های کشت بدون خاک در بسیاری از گلخانه‌های تجاری دنیا انجام می‌شود. در این آزمایش که به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی اجرا شد، فاکتور نوع سامانه کشت در دو سطح (بستر جامد و شناور) و فاکتور رقم در سه سطح (فرانسوی سبز، ایسبرگ گریزلی و باترهد)، با سه تکرار مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. براساس نتایج بدست آمده در رقم فرانسوی، بیشترین وزن تر اندام هوایی در سامانه شناور بدست آمد که اختلاف معنی‌داری با رقم باترهد و رقم گریزلی در سامانه شناور داشت. در رقم گریزلی، بیشترین وزن تر اندام هوایی در بستر جامد مشاهده شد که اختلاف معنی‌داری با رقم باترهد و رقم فرانسوی در بستر جامد نشان داد. صرفنظر از نوع سامانه کشت، وزن تر هوایی رقم باترهد نسبت به تیمارهای برتر این آزمایش (فرانسوی در سامانه شناور و گریزلی در بستر جامد)، به‌طور معنی‌داری کمتر بود. بیشترین آنتی‌اکسیدان برگ در رقم گریزلی و در هر دو بستر جامد و شناور مشاهده شد که اختلاف معنی‌داری با یکدیگر نداشتند ولی نسبت به سایر تیمارها به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر بودند. تنها در رقم فرانسوی، سامانه کشت روی فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی مؤثر بود، به‌طوری‌که در این رقم، بستر جامد موجب افزایش فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی برگ گیاه در مقایسه با سامانه شناور گردید ولی در دو رقم باترهد و گریزلی، سامانه کشت اختلاف معنی‌داری روی فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی همان رقم برجای نگذاشت. بیشترین هدایت روزنه‌ای برگ در رقم باترهد و در بستر جامد بدست آمد که اختلاف معنی‌داری با تمامی ترکیبات تیماری دیگر داشت و کمترین هدایت روزنه‌ای نیز در رقم فرانسوی در سامانه شناور دیده شد که اختلاف معنی‌داری با همین رقم در بستر جامد نشان نداد. در نهایت می‌توان گفت که چگونگی واکنش عملکردی، مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی کاهو در سامانه‌های مختلف کشت، به نوع رقم وابسته است، لذا انتخاب سامانه کشت مناسب باید براساس ویژگیهای رقم صورت پذیرد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738770_2af1bbb1cbb190bc29c7a404ef73886b.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 Investigation of the Phenological Stages of Early Growth in Persian Leek (Allium ampeloprasum ssp. persicum) بررسی مراحل فنولوژیکی رشد اولیه تره ایرانی ( ssp. persicum Allium ampeloprasum) 63 82 738782 10.22034/iuvs.2025.2068874.1421 FA ایوب قربانی دهکردی استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی و فضای سبز، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران 0009-0008-9602-140X سید جواد موسوی زاده دانشیار، گروه علوم باغبانی و فضای سبز، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران 0000-0002-2549-5906 Journal Article 2025 08 14 1. Introduction: Persian leek (Allium ampeloprasum ssp. persicum), a member of the Alliaceae family, is a traditional leafy vegetable widely used in Iranian cuisine. Its growth and development are strongly influenced by environmental factors, particularly temperature and light, which affect its morphology, physiology, and nutritional quality. Optimal germination and vegetative growth in Allium species generally occur at temperatures between 12°C and 24°C. While high temperatures above 30°C may inhibit early growth in some species like garlic, other studies report enhanced vegetative growth at around 30°C, indicating species-specific and cultivar-specific variability in thermal response. The determination of an appropriate planting date plays a critical role in aligning crop development with favorable environmental conditions, thus improving both the quantity and quality of yield. Given that climatic conditions vary regionally and that different cultivars respond differently to these conditions, it is essential to identify the best sowing time based on local climate, cultivar characteristics, and production goals. To date, most studies on Persian leek have focused on seed germination under controlled conditions and its physiological or nutritional properties. However, limited information is available on its phenological development and yield performance in open-field cultivation. Since the harvestable parts of Persian leek are its vegetative organs, understanding how different planting dates affect its early growth stages and final yield is essential. This study was conducted in Gorgan County, Golestan Province, over six months to monitor phenological stages and yield under varying planting dates, aiming to identify the optimal sowing time for Persian leek under local field conditions. 2. Materials and Methods: To investigate the phenological stages and yield of Persian leek under field conditions, the present study was conducted over 12 planting dates (one in each month of the year) with three replications at the research farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Seed sowing was carried out on the 15th day of each month from Farvardin to Esfand (March to February). Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were recorded in the field at 8:00 AM, and the average temperature was calculated for each day and subsequently averaged monthly. Upon seedling emergence, phenological stages of the seedlings, including eight stages (emergence, hooked, green hooked, scape elongation, first true leaf appearance, first true leaf formation, second true leaf appearance, and second true leaf formation), were recorded according to the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale. The date of occurrence for each phenological stage was recorded when 50% of the plants reached that stage. Yield measurements for each planting date were conducted monthly for six months. Finally, data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.4; mean comparisons were performed using Duncan’s multiple range test. Graphs were plotted using Microsoft Excel, and correlation analyses were performed with R software. 3. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest number of seedlings emerged per day occurred in July and August, with an average of 10.4 seedlings per day, followed by June and September with an average of 7.8 seedlings per day. The lowest number of seedlings emerged per day, with averages of 1.3 and 1.28, respectively, belonged to February and March. The highest number of seedlings entering the hook and green hook stages was also recorded in July and August, with an average of 7.8 seedlings per day. For the whip stage, the highest average daily number of seedlings entering this phase occurred in June with an average of 6.1 seedlings per day, and in July, August, and September with an average of 6.34 seedlings per day. Examination of the timing of phenological stages (days after planting) across different months revealed that the longest duration to reach the phenological stages of emergence, start of the hook stage, start of the green hook stage, and start of the whip stage was observed in January with an average temperature of 12.94 °C, while the shortest duration occurred in July and August with average temperatures of 29.37 °C and 30 °C, respectively. The highest number of seedlings entering the first true leaf emergence stage was recorded in June, July, August, and September, with average numbers of 5.27, 5.7, 5.7, and 5.27 seedlings per day, respectively. For the first true leaf formation stage, the highest numbers of seedlings entering this phase in July, August, and September were 3.9, 3.9, and 3.53 per day, respectively. The highest average numbers of seedlings entering the second true leaf emergence and formation stages per day were recorded in July and August, with values of 2.61 and 2.17, respectively. Based on the results, the shortest number of days after planting to reach the first and second true leaf emergence and formation stages occurred in July and August, whereas December exhibited the greatest delay in phenological development, followed by November. The highest harvestable organ yield was recorded in March and April with 1.12 and 1.07 kg/m², respectively, and the lowest yield was observed in November with 0.54 kg/m². Correlation analysis indicated that the emergence and formation stages of the first and second true leaves had a significant positive relationship with yield. 4. Conclusion: One of the effective strategies for optimal use of environmental factors, inputs, and increasing yield is to pay attention to the determination of planting dates and the selection of suitable cultivars. Based on the results obtained from the present study, it can be stated that under the conditions of Gorgan County, Golestan Province, the increase in temperature during March and April leads to the acceleration of phenological stages, which in turn increases the growth rate and ultimately enhances the final yield of the vegetative organs. In planting dates of November, December, and January, the emergence and formation of the first and second true leaves are delayed, and the growth period of Iranian leek is not completed. Conversely, in the planting dates of June, July, and August, due to the onset of intensified heat and water evaporation, leaf development stages are reduced. Therefore, the suitable planting dates for Iranian leek are March and April. به منظور بررسی عملکرد و مراحل فنولوژیک رشد تره ایرانی توده شادگان، مطالعهای در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی و در سه تکرار در شرایط شهرستان گرگان استان گلستان در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان انجام شد. ثبت مراحل فنولوژیکی گیاهچهها شامل هشت مرحله (سبز شدن، قلابی، قلابی سبز، شلاقی، ظهور برگ اول حقیقی، تشکیل برگ اول حقیقی، ظهور برگ دوم حقیقی و تشکیل برگ دوم حقیقی) در 12 تاریخ کاشت انجام گرفت و عملکرد شش ماهه کشت اندازهگیری شد. در نهایت نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد سبز شدن گیاهچه در ماه‌های تیر و مرداد با میانگین 10/4 گیاهچه در روز رخ داد. مراحل فنولوژیکی مانند ظهور و تشکیل برگ‌ها در دماهای بالاتر (تیر و مرداد) سریع‌تر اتفاق افتادند، در حالی که در ماه‌های سردتر مانند دی زمان رسیدن به این مراحل طولانی‌تر بود. بیشترین عملکرد اندام قابل برداشت در ماه‌های اسفند و فروردین به ترتیب1/12 و 1/07 کیلوگرم بر متر مربع ثبت شد و کمترین عملکرد در آبان به میزان 0/54 کیلوگرم در مترمربع بود. بر اساس نتایج، زمان‌های کاشت در آبان، آذر، دی و بهمن باعث تأخیر در ظهور و تشکیل برگ‌های حقیقی شد. در مقابل، کاشت در خرداد، تیر، مرداد و شهریور به دلیل گرما مراحل فنولوژیک رشد برگ افزایش می‌یابد ولی در نهایت در دوره شش ماهه برداشت عملکرد قابل قبولی نخواهد داشت. بنابراین، بهترین زمان‌های کاشت تره ایرانی در شهرستان گرگان استان گلستان، ماه‌های اسفند و فروردین است تا بیشترین رشد و عملکرد حاصل شود.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738782_baca7d459c5ce96050fc3f114e2ce4bf.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 Effect of different brassinosteroid sources on Brussels cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) under heat stress تأثیر منابع مختلف براسینواستروئید بر روی کلم بروکسل (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) تحت تنش گرمایی 83 108 738771 10.22034/iuvs.2024.2030464.1370 FA سعید خسروی دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0002-7590-0359 مریم حقیقی دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2024 05 28 1. Introduction: High temperature is a significant non-living stressor that inflicts considerable damage on the agricultural sector, particularly in vegetable production. The ability of plants to endure extreme temperatures involves complex physiological processes enabling survival under typically lethal conditions. Enhancing the intrinsic defense mechanisms of plants to cope with adverse environments is a crucial focus in the realm of biotechnology. In this context, the use of exogenous protectants, such as brassinosteroids, emerges as a promising strategy for improving plant resilience. 2. Materials and Methods: The present research was conducted in the greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology's horticulture department on Brussels sprouts plants (var. Long Island), using a factorial design in a completely randomized layout with three replications. The aim was to investigate the effect of brassinosteroid sources on Brussels sprouts under temperature stress. The factors included two temperature regimes (25±2°C and 40±2°C) and three levels of brassinosteroid sources: distilled water (C), brassinosteroid (Br), and nano-brassinosteroid (N-Br) at a concentration of 1 µM. The seeds were planted in culture trays containing a mixture of coco peat and perlite in a 1:1 volume ratio. After the seedlings reached the 4-leaf stage, they were sprayed with 500 ml of distilled water (control), 1 µM Br, and 1 µM N-Br three times per week until the 6-leaf stage. Then, they were kept in greenhouse conditions with a temperature of 25±2°C, relative humidity of 75%, and 8 hours of darkness and 16 hours of light, respectively. Subsequently, the treatment groups were transferred to the incubator at 40±2°C under the same light, temperature, and humidity conditions as the greenhouse, except for a 6-hour heat stress at 40±2°C. At the end of the research, some characteristics of Brussels sprouts were measured. 3. Results and Discussion: The results obtained from the interaction effects of temperature regimes and brassinosteroid sources showed that shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and number of leaves decreased at 40°C compared to 25°C. Maximum length of the stem in both temperature regimes was observed in the control and Br treatment. Brassinosteroids, as signaling molecules, regulate both cell division and expansion. In general, the amount of proline, flavonoid, and abscisic acid increased at 40°C compared to 25°C, but no significant difference was observed between Br sources. Intracellular carbon dioxide increased at 40°C compared to 25°C, and the highest internal CO2 of stomata was observed in Br treatment compared to control and N-Br in both temperature regimes. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rate increased in both temperature regimes in the control treatment compared to Br and N-Br. When the plants had more open stomata, they had more chances for internal CO2 of stomata to enter the leaves and thus increased the rate of photosynthesis by 73% compared to the control treatment, which caused improved relative water content, internal CO2 of stomata, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes under heat stress. Brassinosteroids improve osmotic regulation, which enhances turgor pressure and regulation of stomatal conductance in plants under stress conditions. The highest amount of electrolyte leakage at 40°C was observed in the control treatment, and the lowest amount was observed in the treatment with N-Br. The activity of antioxidant enzymes increased at 40°C with Br and N-Br treatment compared to the control. Because Brassinosteroids act as secondary messengers to induce the antioxidant defense system under stress conditions, as a result, plants can effectively eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in stressed plants. Moreover, by stabilizing photosynthetic pigments and preserving chloroplast ultrastructure, BRs help maintain electron transport efficiency and reduce photoinhibition under high temperature. This coordinated modulation of gas exchange, osmolyte accumulation, and redox homeostasis ultimately translates into higher biomass retention, lower membrane damage, and improved recovery capacity after heat episodes. 4. Conclusion: The Br treatment plays an important role in improving the growth of plants and increasing their resistance to high temperatures. At high temperatures, the electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde, which are important traits of stress, increased, but Br decreased these traits by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, Br was able to improve the relative water content of leaves and the rate of photosynthesis by increasing root length under temperature stress conditions. The N-Br could not significantly improve the growth and resistance of plants compared to Br. دمای بالا یکی از تنش های غیرزنده هست که خسارت قابل‌توجهی به بخش کشاورزی ازجمله تولید سبزی‌ها وارد میکند. هورمون‌های استروئیدی گیاهی، مانند براسینواستروئیدها، نقش مهمی در رشد گیاه و سازگاری با تنش‌های محیطی دارند. پژوهش حاضر در گلخانه دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان به‌صورت فاکتوریل (با دو فاکتور) در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار با هدف بررسی تأثیر منابع براسینواستروئید بر کلم بروکسل تحت تنش دمایی انجام گرفت. فاکتورها شامل دو سطح رژیم دمایی (2±25 و 2±40 درجه سانتی گراد) و سه سطح منابع براسینواستروئید (آب مقطر، براسینوستروئید و نانو براسینوستروئید) با غلظت 1 میکرو مولار می‌باشند. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان داد که دمای بالا موجب کاهش صفات رشدی در کلم بروکسل شد، درحالیکه میزان فلاونوئید و آبسیزیک اسید در دمای بالا نسبت به دمای بهینه افزایش یافت. در دمای بهینه تیمار شاهد بیشترین تعداد برگ و هدایت روزنه ای را داشت درحالیکه با افزایش دما نشت الکترولیت و مالون‌دی‌آلدئید افزایش یافت. براسینواستروئید در دمای بهینه سرعت فتوسنتز را 73 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش داد و با افزایش دما طول ریشه، محتوای نسبی آب، دی‌اکسید کربن درون روزنه ای و فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی را بهبود بخشید. بیشترین میزان نشت الکترولیت و مالون‌دی‌آلدئید در دمای بهینه در تیمار با نانو براسینواستروئید مشاهده شد درحالیکه فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی در دمای 40 درجه سانتیگراد با تیمار براسینواستروئید و نانو براسینواستروئید در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش یافت. به‌طورکلی به نظر می رسد در هر دو رژیم دمایی براسینواستروئید در بهبود رشد و مقاومت به دمای بالا در کلم بروکسل نسبت به نانو براسینواستروئید مؤثرتر عمل کرد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738771_7b88f836323ef61774f57306b7b4265f.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 The effect of foliar spray of different calcium sources on growth, yield, and quality of celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) تأثیر محلولپاشی برگی منابع مختلف کلسیم بر رشد، عملکرد و کیفیت کرفس دمبرگی (Apium graveolens var. dulce ) 109 126 738772 10.22034/iuvs.2024.2041594.1387 FA محمد رسول پورابراهیم شلمانی دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد- گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران فاطمه نکونام استادیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0000-0001-6578-0288 زهرا قهرمانی دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0000-0001-8279-9124 لیلا ندیرخانلو دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد- گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران Journal Article 2024 09 20 1. Introduction: Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a high-value vegetable belonging to the Apiaceae family, widely consumed for its long, fibrous petioles and nutrient-rich leaves. Calcium (Ca) is an essential macronutrient that plays a fundamental role in maintaining cell wall stability, membrane integrity, and determining overall postharvest quality. While plant roots can absorb calcium from the soil, the low mobility of Ca within the plant’s vascular system often leads to localized deficiencies, particularly in younger, rapidly growing tissues with low transpiration rates. Such deficiencies frequently manifest as physiological disorders like black heart. Foliar application of soluble calcium salts has emerged as a highly effective alternative to overcome soil-to-shoot transport limitations. However, the efficacy of this method is significantly influenced by the chemical source and the specific dosage applied. To our knowledge, research comparing the effectiveness of various calcium sources specifically on celery remains limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the influence of different foliar calcium sources and concentrations on the growth, yield, and quality attributes of celery. 2. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the effects of various calcium sources on celery growth, yield, and quality. The treatments included different concentrations of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2; 10 and 15 g L⁻¹), calcium chloride (CaCl2; 5 and 10 g L⁻¹), and calcium lactate (C6H10CaO6; 1 and 2 g L⁻¹). Foliar sprays were applied at the 5th–6th true leaf stage and repeated three times at 15-day intervals using a mechanical mist sprayer to ensure uniform coverage—distilled water served as the control. Standard agronomic practices, including weed management, were strictly carried out in accordance with the recommended package of practices throughout the entire crop growth cycle. Key parameters measured included plant height, petiole length, leaf number per plant, total plant yield, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), total phenols, and flavonoid contents. Additionally, the incidence and severity of physiological disorder symptoms (black heart and petiole pithiness) and Ca concentrations in both internal and external leaves were recorded. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS statistical software, and treatment means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at P=0.05. 3. Results and Discussion: The results demonstrated that foliar application of various calcium sources significantly enhanced the growth and quality parameters of celery compared to the control. The highest plant height (67.33 cm), petiole length (30.3 cm), leaf number per plant (25.26), and total plant yield (91,110 kg ha⁻¹) were significantly achieved through the application of 10 g L⁻¹ CaCl2, representing a substantial improvement over the control plants. The superior performance of CaCl2 at this concentration may be attributed to the high solubility of the chloride form and its specific role in promoting leaf expansion and cellular turgor. Furthermore, the chloride ion may also contribute to better osmotic adjustment within the petiole tissues, which is essential for rapid vegetative growth in celery. Regarding biochemical quality, the foliar application of 15 g L⁻¹ Ca(NO3)2 resulted in the maximum concentrations of total chlorophyll (2.87 mg g⁻¹ FW), carotenoids (0.72 mg g⁻¹ FW), and total phenols (40.7 mg 100g⁻¹ FW), alongside the highest calcium accumulation in internal leaves (4.04). The synergistic effect of nitrate and calcium in this treatment likely facilitates better nitrogen assimilation, which is a precursor for chlorophyll biosynthesis and protein synthesis. The increase in phenolic compounds and flavonoids suggests that calcium application triggers secondary metabolic pathways, thereby improving the overall nutritional profile of the plant. Furthermore, the highest ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content was observed in plants treated with both 15 g L⁻¹ Ca(NO3)2 and 10 g L⁻¹ CaCl2, indicating that these specific sources effectively boost the antioxidant capacity of the plant. Crucially, the foliar treatments significantly mitigated physiological disorders, specifically black heart and petiole pithiness, by ensuring higher calcium availability in the leaf tissues. This reduction in disorder symptoms is attributed to the role of Ca²⁺ in stabilizing cell membranes and reinforcing the structural integrity of the cell walls, which prevents the collapse of tissues during rapid growth. Since black heart is a classic calcium-deficiency disorder, the localized foliar delivery of calcium effectively bypasses the limited xylem mobility of Ca, ensuring that the rapidly expanding central leaves receive adequate nutritional support. The observed increase in antioxidant compounds suggests that calcium plays a critical role in modulating metabolic processes and enhancing the plant’s defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and enzymatic degradation. Thus, the synergy between calcium uptake and the activation of metabolic pathways contributes to both improved yield and superior nutritional quality. 4. Conclusion: In conclusion, foliar application of calcium is an effective, practical strategy for improving celery performance. Specifically, the use of 15 g L⁻¹ Ca(NO3)2 is recommended for maximizing chlorophyll, phenolic, and antioxidant content, while 10 g L⁻¹ CaCl2 is most effective for enhancing vegetative growth and total yield. Both treatments are highly efficient in reducing common physiological disorders such as black heart and petiole pithiness, thereby improving the overall commercial value of the crop. Future studies should focus on the economic feasibility and long-term storage quality of celery treated with these calcium sources. کرفس دمبرگی به دلیل حساسیت بالا به کمبود کلسیم و بروز ناهنجاری‌های فیزیولوژیکی نظیر سیاه شدن مغز، با افت شدید کیفیت و ارزش تجاری مواجه است. در این پژوهش، تأثیر منابع و غلظت‌های مختلف کلسیم بر شاخص‌های رشد، عملکرد و کیفیت این گیاه در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل محلول‌پاشی برگی لاکتات کلسیم (۱ و ۲ گرم بر لیتر)، کلرید کلسیم (۵ و ۱۰ گرم بر لیتر) و نیترات کلسیم (۱۰ و ۱۵ گرم بر لیتر) در مقایسه با شاهد (آب مقطر) بود. یافته‌ها نشان داد که کاربرد کلسیم تأثیر معناداری بر بهبود صفات رویشی و کیفی داشت؛ به‌طوری‌که بیشترین ارتفاع بوته (67/33 سانتیمتر)، طول دمبرگ (30/3 سانتی‌متر)، تعداد دمبرگ (25/2 عدد) و عملکرد کل (۹۱۱۱۰ کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار ۱۰ گرم بر لیتر کلرید کلسیم حاصل شد. بالاترین میزان کلروفیل، فنول کل و غلظت کلسیم در برگ‌های داخلی (4/04 درصد) با کاربرد ۱۵ گرم بر لیتر نیترات کلسیم به دست آمد. همچنین، تیمارهای مذکور (۱۵ گرم بر لیتر نیترات کلسیم و ۱۰ گرم بر لیتر کلرید کلسیم) بیشترین اثر را بر افزایش محتوای ویتامین ث داشتند. از نظر فیزیولوژیکی، تمامی منابع کلسیمی به‌کاررفته منجر به کاهش چشمگیر بروز ناهنجاری‌های سیاه شدن مغز و حفره‌ای شدن دمبرگ نسبت به شاهد شدند. در نهایت، با توجه به نتایج حاصل، محلول‌پاشی کلسیم (به‌ویژه غلظت‌های ۱۰ گرم بر لیتر کلرید کلسیم و ۱۵ گرم بر لیتر نیترات کلسیم) به‌عنوان راهکاری عملیاتی جهت تقویت شاخص‌های رشدی و کاهش اختلالات فیزیولوژیکی در کرفس دمبرگی توصیه می‌شود.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738772_5e39d4392eda373113b68390e8489209.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 Effect of Edible Guar Gum Coating on Quality Preservation and Shelf Life Extension of Button Mushroom during Postharvest Storage اثر پوشش خوراکی صمغ گوار بر حفظ کیفیت و افزایش ماندگاری قارچ دکمه‌ای در پس از برداشت 127 142 738773 10.22034/iuvs.2026.2088444.1445 FA میثم محمدی استادیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران 0000-0003-1519-7750 Journal Article 2025 04 14 Extended Abstract 1. Introduction: White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is a widely consumed edible fungus with high nutritional value but a very short postharvest life due to rapid physiological deterioration. The absence of a protective cuticle, high respiration rate, and high moisture content make mushrooms highly perishable, leading to weight loss, browning, cap opening, and texture degradation during storage. Enzymatic browning, mainly associated with polyphenol oxidase activity, together with oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (H₂O₂ and MDA), is a key factor accelerating senescence and quality loss. Edible coatings based on natural polysaccharides have been proposed as an eco-friendly method to extend the shelf life of fresh produce. Guar gum, a galactomannan polysaccharide, is of interest due to its film-forming ability and barrier properties against moisture and gas exchange, which may reduce respiration and delay quality deterioration. However, limited information exists on its application in mushrooms under cold storage. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of guar gum coatings on the physicochemical, biochemical, and antioxidant quality of Agaricus bisporus during refrigerated storage. 2. Materials and Methods: Fresh white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were harvested from a commercial farm in Meimeh, Ilam Province, Iran, and transported to the laboratory under cooled conditions. Uniform samples were selected and divided into three groups: control (distilled water dip), 0.5% guar gum, and 1% guar gum (2 min immersion). After air-drying at 21°C, samples were packaged (10 mushrooms per container) and stored at 3 ± 1°C and 85-90% RH for 9 days. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) in a factorial scheme with three replications. Data were analyzed using SAS (v9.2), and means were compared by Duncan’s test at the 5% significance level. Shelf life and quality attributes were evaluated based on cap opening, browning, weight loss, TSS, titratable acidity, protein, phenolics, flavonoids, PPO and PAL activities, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant capacity (DPPH assay). 3. Results and Discussion: Results demonstrated that guar gum coating had a significant positive effect on maintaining postharvest quality and extending the shelf life of white button mushrooms compared to the control. At the end of the storage period, untreated samples exhibited a shelf life of 9.3 days, whereas mushrooms treated with 0.5% and 1% guar gum showed extended shelf lives of 11.6 and 13.3 days, respectively. This improvement indicates the effectiveness of guar gum in delaying senescence and slowing down postharvest deterioration processes. Coated mushrooms showed markedly reduced weight loss, delayed cap opening, and lower browning intensity throughout storage. The superior performance of the 1% guar gum treatment suggests that higher coating concentration enhances the formation of a more effective semi-permeable barrier on the mushroom surface, which likely reduces water vapor loss and restricts gas exchange. Consequently, respiration rate and transpiration processes were suppressed, leading to improved visual and structural quality. From a biochemical perspective, guar gum-coated samples maintained significantly higher levels of total soluble solids, titratable acidity, protein content, total phenolics, and flavonoids compared to the control during storage. The preservation of these quality-related compounds suggests that the coating effectively slowed down metabolic activities and delayed the degradation of key nutritional and bioactive constituents. In particular, the higher retention of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in coated samples reflects improved stability of antioxidant-related metabolites during storage. Enzymatic results further supported these findings, as guar gum coating significantly reduced polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity while maintaining higher phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity. The suppression of PPO activity indicates a reduction in enzymatic browning, whereas the sustained PAL activity suggests continued biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and delayed senescence. These enzymatic modifications collectively contributed to better visual quality and slower deterioration in coated mushrooms. Moreover, oxidative stress indicators revealed that guar gum coating effectively reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA), both of which are key markers of oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation. The lower levels of these compounds in coated samples indicate that the coating helped mitigate reactive oxygen species accumulation and protected cellular membranes from oxidative injury during storage. Although antioxidant capacity decreased progressively in all treatments over time, coated mushrooms, particularly those treated with 1% guar gum, consistently exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to the control. This suggests that the coating not only slowed down oxidative degradation but also helped preserve the functional antioxidant system of the mushrooms during storage. 4. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that guar gum coating is an effective natural and biodegradable approach for maintaining postharvest quality of white button mushrooms during refrigerated storage. The application of guar gum significantly reduced weight loss, delayed browning and cap opening, and preserved nutritional and bioactive compounds. Furthermore, guar gum coating reduced oxidative stress and modulated key enzymatic activities associated with senescence. Among the tested concentrations, 1% guar gum was most effective at maintaining overall quality and extending shelf life. In conclusion, guar gum can be recommended as a safe and cost-effective edible coating for improving the postharvest storage life of Agaricus bisporus under cold storage conditions. Further studies are suggested to evaluate its combination with other natural coatings or antimicrobial agents to enhance preservation efficiency. قارچ دکمه‌ای (Agaricus bisporus) به دلیل بافت نرم، فعالیت متابولیکی بالا و فقدان لایه محافظ، پس از برداشت به‌سرعت دچار افت کیفیت، قهوه‌ای شدن و کاهش عمر ماندگاری می‌شود. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر پوشش خوراکی صمغ گوار بر حفظ کیفیت و افزایش ماندگاری قارچ دکمه‌ای طی دوره نگهداری پس از برداشت انجام شد. قارچ‌های دکمه‌ای در محلول‌های حاوی صمغ گوار با غلظت‌های 0 (شاهد)، 0/5 و 1 درصد پوشش‌دهی شدند و به مدت 9 روز در دمای 1±3 درجه سانتی‌گراد و رطوبت نسبی 85 تا 90 درصد نگهداری شدند. صفات مختلف در روزهای 3، 6 و 9 پس از برداشت ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد پوشش صمغ گوار به‌طور معنی‌داری موجب افزایش عمر ماندگاری قارچ دکمه‌ای شد، به‌طوری‌که عمر ماندگاری از 9 روز در شاهد به 11و 13 روز به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای 0/5 و 1 درصد افزایش یافت. در روز نهم نگهداری، افت وزن در نمونه شاهد 23/6 درصد بود، در حالی که این مقدار در تیمارهای 0/5 و 1 درصد صمغ گوار به‌ترتیب به 17/9 و 12/6 درصد کاهش یافت. همچنین میزان باز شدن کلاهک از 75/2 درصد در شاهد به 52/6 و 38/7 درصد و شدت قهوه‌ای شدن سطح به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش پیدا کرد. در روز نهم بیشترین مقادیر مواد جامد محلول، اسید قابل تیتراسیون، پروتئین کل، فنول کل، فلاونوئید کل و ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی در تیمار 1 درصد صمغ گوار مشاهده شد. علاوه بر این، کمترین مقادیر پراکسید هیدروژن و مالون‌دی‌آلدئید در این تیمار ثبت گردید که بیانگر کاهش تنش اکسیداتیو و تأخیر در فرآیند پیری بود.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738773_6f8d4b9742934c943352a13699f6d238.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 Investigating Genetic Diversity and Prediction of Heritability in a Segregating F₂ Population Derived from a Cross of Saveh (Cantaloupe) × Cory (Galia Type) مطالعه تنوع ژنتیکی و برآورد وراثت‌پذیری در جمعیت در حال تفکیک حاصل از تلاقی طالبی ساوه × کوری (گالیا تایپ) 143 170 738778 10.22034/iuvs.2025.2050756.1404 FA صفدر پورممبینی دانش آموخته مقطع دکتری علوم باغبانی، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی ( ابوریحان)، دانشگاه تهران، پاکدشت، ایران محمود لطفی دانشیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی (ابوریحان)، دانشگاه تهران، پاکدشت، ایران 0000-0003-2961-2898 نوازاله صاحبانی دانشیار، گروه حشره شناسی و بیماری های گیاهی، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی (ابوریحان)، دانشگاه تهران، پاکدشت، ایران حسین رامشینی دانشیار، گروه علوم زراعی و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی (ابوریحان)، دانشگاه تهران، پاکدشت، ایران 0000-0001-5588-7962 Journal Article 2025 01 15 1. Introduction: Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the most important cucurbit crops and has a long history of cultivation in Iran. However, because local varieties show high susceptibility to fungal and viral diseases, most growers have shifted toward imported hybrid cultivars. To combine desirable parental traits and establish a broadly diverse breeding population, two contrasting parents were crossed: (i) the Saveh cantaloupe, a native, homogeneous cultivar with round, striped fruits, a fully reticulate orange skin, high transportability and long shelf life, green flesh, low sweetness, mild fragrance, slightly late maturity and high sensitivity to certain diseases (e.g., damping-off and viruses) and (ii) Cory, a commercial Galia-type hybrid from Seminis Company, characterized by round, fully reticulate fruits without skin lines, a yellow-to-cream skin, high transportability and shelf life, thick flesh, small seed cavity, green flesh with high sweetness and quality superior to domestic cultivars, and resistance to Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis), several viruses, and powdery mildew (according to the manufacturer's label). 2. Materials and methods: Parental plants were established, and the F₁ seed was produced in the spring of 2017. The F₁ generation was self-pollinated in the autumn of the same year. In late autumn, F₂ seeds were collected from the F₁ plants. In the following spring, 1,500 F₂ seeds from the Saveh × Galia cross, together with the parental and F₁ seeds, were sown in seedling trays to form a large F₂ population. After three weeks, the seedlings were transplanted to the research field of the Agricultural College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, at a spacing of 80 × 170 cm. The breeding method used was pedigree selection. To produce F₃ seed, all F₂ plants were self-pollinated together with the parental plants. For self-pollination, male and female flowers were isolated one day in advance and hand-pollinated under controlled conditions the following morning. Three flowers per plant were pollinated, and more than 4,500 flowers were self-pollinated in total. During vegetative and reproductive growth, while routine agronomic care was carried out, plants were evaluated and recorded for important morphological traits and for resistance to disease, viruses, and mites under natural field conditions. In the laboratory, the self-pollinated fruits of the selected plants were subsequently evaluated on the basis of fruit-quality indicators. All qualitative traits and resistance scores were recorded on a ranked scale. 3. Results and Discussion: The results showed that soluble solids content, number of days to harvest, and flesh thickness had high broad-sense heritability, whereas fruit weight and seed-cavity diameter showed medium and low heritability, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients showed that fruit weight had a positive, significant relationship with all quantitative traits measured except fruit sugar. The strongest correlations were between fruit weight and fruit length (0.845) and between fruit weight and fruit width (0.825). In the F₂ population, positive transgressive segregation beyond the superior parent was observed for all quantitative traits, and negative transgressive segregation below the parent with the lower value was observed for all traits except fruit shape index. Regarding seed-cavity size, 7% of the progeny showed positive and 16% showed negative transgressive segregation relative to the parents. More than 60% of genotypes segregated beyond the parents for flesh thickness. For soluble solids (TSS), only 10% of genotypes exceeded the superior parent. In the F₂ population, 56% of fruits had yellow-orange skin, 1% cream, 13% green, 24% yellow, and 6% white, and most genotypes had green flesh. All F₁ plants were netted (reticulate) with no or faint stripes, whereas in the F₂, 64% of genotypes were completely reticulate, 60% were striped, and 40% had no or faint stripes. Regarding disease and pest responses, Galia parent plants were all healthy, while all Saveh parent plants were infected. Approximately 70% of the SGF₁ and 75% of the SGF₂ plants were healthy. For viral infection, 17% of Galia parent plants were healthy, while all Saveh parents were infected with various viruses. Of the F₁ plants, 62% showed no signs of viral infection, whereas in the SGF₂ population only 26% of genotypes were healthy and the remainder showed low to severe infection. With respect to the two-spotted spider mite, 83% of Galia and 17% of Saveh parent plants, respectively, showed no infection. 4. Conclusion: Considering the strengths and weaknesses of each parent, the resulting F₂ population showed high diversity and recombination with clearly defined, distinguishable phenotypes. The high heritability of several quantitative traits promises to yield valuable breeding lines in the future. In general, for traits with high heritability, the genetic variance exceeded the environmental variance; therefore, selection for these traits in early generations should be more reliable and successful. Accordingly, superior F₂ genotypes should be selected primarily based on disease resistance, flesh thickness, soluble solids content, and fruit weight. طالبی یکی از مهمترین محصولات جالیزی است. با وجود طعم دلپذیر، به دلیل عملکرد پایین و همچنین حساسیت بالای آنها به بیماری‌های قارچی و ویروسی اغلب جالیزکاران به کشت ارقام هیبرید وارداتی گرایش دارند. به منظور بهنژادی صفات ناپسند طالبی ساوه، این رقم با هیبرید تجاری از گروه گالیا تلاقی داده شد. رقم گالیا به بیماری‌ها و ویروس‌ها بسیار مقاوم بوده ضخامت گوشت بالا دارد و میوه آن بسیار شیرین است. تعداد 1500 عدد بوته F2 حاصل از تلاقی ساوه در گالیا به همراه بذور ارقام والدی و نسل اول آنها کشت شدند. پس از خودگشنی، تمام بوته‌‌ها ارزیابی و گزینش آنها به‌ترتیب در شرایط طبیعی مزرعه برای صفات مورفولوژیک و مقاومت به ویروس و بیماری‌های بوته‌میری و در آزمایشگاه برای صفات کمی و کیفی صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد مواد جامد محلول (0/922) ، تعداد روز تا برداشت (0/994) و ضخامت گوشت میوه (0/920) دارای وراثت‌پذیری عمومی بالا بودند. در جمعیت F2 برای صفات کمی تفکیک متجاوز قابل توجه مشاهده شد. 64% ژنوتیپ‌های جمعیت F2 کاملا مشبک و 36% دارای میزان شبکه کمتر یا پوست میوه صاف بودند. همچنین 60% ژنوتیپ های جمعیتF2 خط دار بودند و بیش از 90% دارای رنگ پوست میوه زرد و رنگ گوشت سبز بودند. توارثپذیری بالای برخی صفات کمی نویدبخش کارایی بالای گزینش به منظور دستیابی به لاین های با ارزش خواهد بود. بنابراین بهتر است گزینش ژنوتیپ های برتر به ترتیب بر اساس زودرسی، ضخامت گوشت و مواد جامد محلول و وزن میوه صورت گیرد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738778_26f5c2847cf3dbed93534b76408884fa.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 Effects of seed priming and foliar application with smoke-water on gas exchange and yield of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) اثر پیش‌تیمار بذر و محلول‌پاشی برگی با دودآب بر تبادلات گازی و عملکرد فلفل چیلی (.L Capsicum annuum) 171 188 738779 10.22034/iuvs.2025.2071367.1423 FA فریده نوروزی شهری پژوهشگر پسادکتری، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0001-8006-1708 سعید جلالی هنرمند دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. عضو پژوهشکده تحقیقاتی گیاهان دارویی و معطر زاگرس، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0001-6958-8007 Journal Article 2025 09 10 1. Introduction: Today, agriculture faces challenges such as an increasing global population, climate change, and heavy dependence on synthetic inputs that threaten sustainability. Eco-friendly biostimulants are gaining attention as alternative strategies to enhance crop productivity and resilience. Smoke-water (SW), derived from burning plant residues, is rich in bioactive compounds such as karrikins, which stimulate seed germination and influence physiological and biochemical processes. Previous studies have reported improvements in photosynthesis and yield traits in several species. Seed priming is also an efficient and low-cost technique to increase germination, seedlings' vigor, and establishment, as well as the productive capability of crops. Although various studies have evaluated the effect of SW on plant developmental characteristics over the last two decades, the physiological mechanisms and their relationship with increased crop yield, especially under different SW application methods, have not yet been investigated simultaneously. Therefore, the present study is a comparative study between two SW application methods, seed priming and foliar spraying, on some morphological, physiological, and yield traits of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), a crop valued both as a spice and medicinal plant under field conditions. 2. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 2024 at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, using a two-factor factorial design within a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included five levels of seed priming (control, hydropriming, and priming with SW at 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% concentrations) and four levels of foliar application (control and SW sprays at 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% concentrations). SW was prepared by transferring smoke from burning wheat straw through distilled water, filtering, and diluting to the desired concentrations. For seed priming, chili pepper seeds were soaked in distilled water (for hydropriming) and different concentrations of SW (for SW-priming) for 18 hours at 20°C in a germinator. Before radicle emergence, priming was stopped, and the seeds were rapidly dried using a blower. Untreated dry seeds were used as a control. Foliar applications with different concentrations of SW were applied three times during the growth period. Gas exchange parameters, including photosynthetic and transpiration rate, stomatal and mesophyll conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and photosynthetic WUE, were measured using a portable photosynthesis system (LCi, BioScientific Ltd., UK). Measurements were performed three days after the second foliar application, under a photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intensity of 1200–1400 µmol photons m-2s-1. Fruits were harvested from each experimental unit throughout the growth period. After the final harvest, the total number of fruits and their fresh and dry weights per m-2 were recorded and used to calculate the final fruit number and yield. At the end of the experiment, plant height, the number of primary and secondary branches, and total biomass yield were recorded from ten representative plants, and their mean values were included in the statistical analyses. Data analysis was conducted using SAS (ver. 9.1) software, and mean comparisons were performed using the LSD method. 3. Results and Discussion: Both seed priming and foliar application with SW significantly enhanced physiological and yield traits compared with the control. Seed priming with SW at a concentration of 1% increased photosynthetic rate (15.82%), transpiration (13.69%), stomatal conductance (51.54%), mesophyll conductance (15.62%), plant height (19.73%), and fresh and dry fruit yield (32.90% and 30.58%, respectively). Foliar application with SW at a concentration of 1% led to improvement photosynthesis rate (19.62%), transpiration rate (20%), stomatal conductance (48.97%), plant height (16.07%), number of branches (34.24% primary, 46.12% secondary), number of fruits (39.31%), fresh and dry fruit yield (28.47% and 33.76%) and dry/fresh weight ratio (4%). The treatment of SW at 1% priming + foliar spray resulted in an increase of 164% in biomass yield over the control. Harvest index was reduced by 7-10% under 1% SW treatments. The overall increase in the gas exchange parameters, photosynthesis efficiency, and accumulation of biomass validates the great potential of SW as a biostimulant. These results confirm earlier reports of karrikin-mediated improvements in photosynthetic activity and growth, while providing new evidence that foliar application may be more effective than seed priming in directing assimilate partitioning toward fruit dry matter. 4. Conclusion: Utilization of SW, particularly at 1% concentration, significantly improved gas exchange traits, morphological attributes, and yield of chili pepper. Foliar spraying was more effective than seed priming in increasing fruit biomass accumulation, reflecting greater assimilate allocation to fruits. Although a decrease in harvest index was observed, the overall improvement in yield quantity and quality suggests SW as a promising, eco-friendly, and cost-effective biostimulant for the sustainable growth of chili pepper. جهت ارزیابی اثرات پیش‌تیمار بذر و محلول‌پاشی برگی با دودآب روی سرعت تبادلات گازی و عملکرد فلفل چیلی (L.Capsicum annuum )، یک آزمایش فاکتوریل بر پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1403 در دانشگاه رازی انجام شد. عامل‌های مورد بررسی شامل پیش‌تیمار بذر در پنج سطح (شاهد (بدون پیش‌تیمار کردن بذر)، پیش‌تیمار آبی و پیش‌تیمار بذر با غلظت‌های 0/01، 0/1 و 1 درصد دودآب) و محلول‌پاشی با دودآب در چهار سطح (شاهد و محلول‌پاشی با غلظت‌های 0/01، 0/1 و 1 درصد دودآب) بود. نتایج نشان داد که پیش‌تیمار بذر با غلظت 1 درصد دودآب موجب افزایش معنی‌دار سرعت فتوسنتز، سرعت تعرق، هدایت روزنه‌ای، هدایت مزوفیلی، ارتفاع بوته و وزن تازه و خشک میوه شد. همچنین، محلول‌پاشی برگی با همان غلظت نیز باعث ارتقای فتوسنتز، تعرق، غلظت CO2 بین‌سلولی، هدایت روزنه‌ای، هدایت مزوفیلی، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه‌های جانبی، تعداد میوه و افزایش وزن تازه و خشک میوه نسبت به شاهد شد. پیش‌تیمار بذر همراه با محلول‌پاشی برگی با غلظت 1 درصد موجب افزایش 164 درصدی زیست‌توده کل نسبت به شاهد گردید. هرچند شاخص برداشت در این تیمارها به‌ترتیب 10/62 و 7/97 درصد کاهش یافت، اما افزایش 30 درصدی عملکرد میوه و بهبود صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک نشان‌دهنده نقش کلیدی دودآب در بهبود کارایی فتوسنتزی و عملکرد میوه بود. کاربرد دودآب به شکل محلول‌پاشی برگی نسبت به پیش‌تیمار بذر باعث تجمع ماده خشک بیشتری در میوه‌ها شد که نشان‌دهنده بهبود تخصیص مواد فتوسنتزی به سمت زیست‌توده خشک میوه و افزایش کیفیت محصول می‌باشد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738779_cea7e5094f0f01b34c7006638bd48a74.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 Optimization of Energy Sustainability and Global Warming Potential in Zucchini Production in the Dezful Region بهینه سازی پایداری انرژی و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی تولید کدو در منطقه دزفول 189 208 738781 10.22034/iuvs.2026.2089700.1450 FA امیر عزیرپناه دانشیار، گروه مکانیک بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران 0009-0001-9442-4431 میثم محمدی استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران 0000-0003-1519-7750 رضا عسکری زاد دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه مکانیک بیوسیستم،دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران Journal Article 2025 11 30 1. Introduction: Agricultural systems are under increasing sustainability and environmental pressure to improve resource-use efficiency in response to rising energy demand, environmental degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Intensive use of fertilizers, fossil fuels, and irrigation water has increased production costs and reduced environmental sustainability. Improving resource-use efficiency is therefore essential for sustainable agricultural production. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), particularly the Constant Returns to Scale (CRS) and Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) models are an effective tool for evaluating technical efficiency and identifying input waste without reducing output. Integrating energy analysis with environmental indicators such as carbon efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions provides a comprehensive framework for sustainability assessment. Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is widely cultivated in Dezful County, Iran, under intensive, input-based systems that require substantial energy inputs. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, diesel fuel, and electricity in these production systems contributes to low energy efficiency and high environmental impacts. This study evaluates energy use, efficiency indicators, GHG emissions, carbon performance, and sustainability indices in zucchini production, and determines optimal input-use patterns using DEA. 2. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 zucchini farms in Dezful County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. Data on inputs, including human labor, machinery, diesel fuel, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation water, electricity, and seed, were collected through field surveys. All inputs and outputs were converted into energy units (MJ ha⁻¹) using standard energy equivalents. Energy indicators, including total input and output energy, energy ratio, net energy, and specific energy, were calculated. DEA input-oriented models under CRS and VRS assumptions were applied to evaluate technical efficiency and estimate potential input savings. Environmental impacts were assessed by calculating emissions of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O from agricultural inputs. Global Warming Potential (GWP) was expressed as CO₂ equivalents. Carbon input, carbon output, net carbon gain, carbon efficiency, and sustainability index were also computed. Results from conventional and optimized scenarios were compared to evaluate improvements in energy and environmental performance. 3. Results and Discussion: Total energy input and output in conventional production were 41,414.28 and 48,042.74 MJ ha⁻¹, respectively. Electricity (31.62%), nitrogen fertilizer (28.91%), diesel fuel (16.72%), and human labor (6.48%) were the main contributors to energy consumption, indicating that irrigation and fertilizer management are key factors in energy use. DEA results showed significant inefficiencies in input use. Energy consumption decreased from 41,414.28 MJ ha⁻¹ in the conventional system to 33,973.29 MJ ha⁻¹ under the optimized scenario. The highest energy savings were related to nitrogen fertilizer (39.91%), followed by pesticides (31.07%), human labor (24.21%), and diesel fuel (21.21%). These results highlight the potential for improving farm management practices and reducing unnecessary input use. Energy performance indicators improved under the optimized system. Specific energy decreased, indicating lower energy use per unit of output. Energy ratio and net energy increased under the optimized scenario, indicating more efficient utilization of energy inputs and greater energy productivity per unit of resource consumed. Environmental analysis revealed a reduction in total GWP from about 5,185.81 kg CO₂eq ha⁻¹ in the conventional system to 4,249.94 kg CO₂eq ha⁻¹ in the optimized system. Electricity was the largest contributor to emissions (>70%), followed by diesel fuel and nitrogen fertilizer. Diesel-related emissions decreased significantly due to improved machinery management, while reduced nitrogen application lowered soil-related N₂O emissions. Despite improvements, irrigation-related electricity use remained the main environmental concern. DEA-based efficiency analysis indicated that 16 farms were fully efficient under CRS, while 22 farms were efficient under VRS. Average efficiency scores were 96.61% (CRS) and 99.38% (VRS). Inefficient farms could reduce input use by about 7.25% without affecting yield. The VRS model identified higher potential savings due to its flexibility in accounting for scale differences. Carbon analysis showed that carbon output remained constant at 27,024.04 kg C ha⁻¹, indicating that production levels were maintained. Carbon input decreased from 1,400.17 to 1,147.48 kg C ha⁻¹, increasing net carbon gain. Carbon efficiency improved from 19.31 to 23.56, while the sustainability index increased from 18.35 to 22.55. These improvements confirm enhanced environmental performance under optimized management. 4. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that DEA-based optimization can substantially improve the energy and environmental performance of zucchini production systems without reducing yield. Electricity, diesel fuel, and nitrogen fertilizer were identified as the major contributors to energy use and emissions. Significant reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions were achieved through more efficient use of production inputs, while improvements in energy indicators, carbon efficiency, and sustainability indices confirmed the effectiveness of the optimized management scenario. It was observed that improving irrigation efficiency, optimizing fertilizer application, reducing fossil fuel use, and adopting renewable energy systems can further enhance the sustainability of zucchini production. Overall, integrating energy analysis with DEA provides a powerful approach for improving resource efficiency and supporting sustainable agricultural development. این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی مصرف انرژی، انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای و کارایی تولید کدو سبز در شهرستان دزفول و تعیین الگوی بهینه مصرف نهاده‌ها با استفاده از روش تحلیل پوششی داده‌ها (DEA) انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که کل انرژی ورودی و خروجی به ترتیب برابر با41414/28 و 48042/74 مگاژول در هکتار بود. بیشترین سهم انرژی مصرفی مربوط به الکتریسیته با 31/63، کود نیتروژن 28/91 و سوخت دیزل16/72 درصد بود. بهینه‌سازی مصرف نهاده‌ها موجب کاهش انرژی مصرفی از 41414/28 به 33973/29 مگاژول در هکتار شد که عمدتاً ناشی از کاهش مصرف کود نیتروژن، سموم شیمیایی، سوخت دیزل و نیروی انسانی بود. همچنین شاخص‌های انرژی شامل نسبت انرژی، بهره‌وری انرژی و انرژی خالص در شرایط بهینه افزایش یافتند که نشان‌دهنده افزایش کارایی سامانه تولید است. میزان پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی با استفاده از روش تحلیل پوششی داده‌ها از 5185/51 به 4249/94کیلوگرم معادل دی‌اکسیدکربن در هکتار کاهش یافت. مقدار کربن ورودی از 1400/17 به 1147/48 کیلوگرم کربن در هکتار کاهش یافت و شاخص پایداری از18/35 به 22/55 افزایش پیدا کرد. نتایج تحلیل پوششی داده‌ها نشان داد شاخص کارایی کربن نیز از 19/31 در حالت مرسوم به 23/56 در حالت بهینه افزایش یافته که بیانگر افزایش بهره‌وری مصرف نهاده‌ها و کاهش شدت انتشار کربن در فرایند تولید است و میانگین کارایی فنی و کارایی فنی خالص مزارع به ترتیب 96/61 و 99/38 درصد بوده و بخشی از نهاده‌های مصرفی قابلیت صرفه‌جویی بدون کاهش عملکرد را دارند.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738781_4d1c486f8768a7d69884ee162878be06.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 Evaluation of some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) affected by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and putrescine hormone بررسی برخی خصوصیات کمی و کیفی گوجه فرنگی (Solanum lycopersicum) تحت تأثیر باکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاهی و هورمون پوتریسین 209 226 738858 10.22034/iuvs.2023.556977.1220 FA نادیه ملکی خاص دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد علوم و مهندسی صنایع غذایی، دانشکده داروسازی، علوم پزشکی تهران ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران ، ایران قباد سلیمی استادیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0009-0000-8658-2440 عاطفه پورجبار استادیار، گروه گیاهان دارویی، مؤسسه آموزش عالی غیرانتفاعی جهاددانشگاهی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران سعید علی پور استادیار، گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2022 07 02 1. Introduction: The excessive and prolonged use of chemical fertilizers has adversely affected soil ecosystems and environmental sustainability. A considerable proportion of these fertilizers is lost through leaching caused by rainfall or irrigation, resulting in groundwater contamination. Continued dependence on chemical fertilizers therefore poses serious environmental challenges. Replacing chemical fertilizers with biological and organic alternatives is considered one of the most effective strategies for reducing these negative impacts. In this context, biofertilizers have emerged as sustainable substitutes that improve soil fertility while supporting environmentally friendly agricultural production. Among these, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have attracted considerable attention because of their ability to enhance plant growth through a wide range of direct and indirect mechanisms, ultimately improving crop productivity and quality. 2. Materials and methods: A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications under greenhouse conditions at the Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Iran, to evaluate the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and putrescine on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) cv. Sinda.The first experimental factor consisted of three bacterial inoculation treatments: no inoculation (control), Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Azospirillum lipoferum. The second factor included three concentrations of putrescine (0, 1.5, and 3 mM). Growth parameters, including growth rate, days to flowering, plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and total fruit yield, were recorded throughout the growing period. After harvest, fruit quality attributes, including soluble solids content (TSS), titratable acidity, lycopene concentration, and vitamin C content, were determined using standard analytical procedures. 3. Results and discussion: The combined application of PGPR and putrescine significantly improved both the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomato plants. Fruit soluble solids, titratable acidity, lycopene, and vitamin C contents increased following bacterial inoculation and putrescine application. These improvements can be attributed to the ability of PGPR to produce phytohormones, siderophores, and organic acids, thereby enhancing nutrient availability and uptake, particularly nitrogen and iron. Improved nutrient acquisition subsequently promotes photosynthetic activity, carbohydrate accumulation, and overall plant performance, leading to enhanced plant growth and improved fruit quality. Analysis of variance revealed that PGPR significantly affected all evaluated traits, including plant height, fruit diameter, number of flowers, number of fruits, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, total fruit yield, soluble solids, titratable acidity, lycopene, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium contents (P < 0.01). However, the effect on vitamin C content was not statistically significant. Likewise, putrescine significantly influenced all measured characteristics at the 1% probability level (P < 0.01). Moreover, the interaction between PGPR and putrescine significantly affected plant height, flower number, fruit number, fruit yield, titratable acidity, and phosphorus content (P < 0.01), indicating a synergistic effect between bacterial inoculation and putrescine application. The highest fruit yield (16 kg plant⁻¹) was obtained from plants inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens and treated with 1.5 mM putrescine. Plants inoculated with Azospirillum lipoferum and sprayed with 1.5 mM putrescine also exhibited high fruit yield, although lower than that achieved with P. fluorescens. In contrast, the lowest yield (7.75 kg plant⁻¹) was recorded in the untreated control, where neither bacterial inoculation nor putrescine was applied. The beneficial effects of putrescine under non-stress conditions may be associated with its antioxidant properties, its contribution to maintaining cellular cation–anion balance, and its potential role as a nitrogen source. Furthermore, PGPR have been reported to enhance phosphorus and potassium uptake, thereby improving plant nutritional status and stimulating vegetative and reproductive growth. The increased number of flowers and fruits observed in the present study is likely the result of enhanced nutrient uptake, improved photosynthetic efficiency, and increased metabolic activity induced by both PGPR and putrescine. The stimulation of the plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase by PGPR may further facilitate the uptake of essential mineral nutrients, particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, ultimately contributing to higher fruit yield and improved overall crop productivity. 4. Conclusions: The combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and foliar application of putrescine effectively enhanced tomato growth, fruit quality, and yield under greenhouse conditions. Among all treatments, inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens in combination with 1.5 mM putrescine produced the highest fruit yield. Therefore, this treatment can be recommended as a sustainable and environmentally friendly strategy for improving greenhouse tomato production while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers. به منظور بررسی اثر باکتری های محرک رشد گیاهی و پوتریسین بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی گوجه‌فرنگی رقم سیندا، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار در گلخانه دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمانشاه در سال 97-1396 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل باکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاهی در سه سطح (بدون تلقیح، تلقیح با سودوموناس فلوروسنس، تلقیح با آزوسپریریلیوم لیپوفروم) و پوتریسین در سه سطح (صفر، 1/5 و 3 میلی‌مولار) بود. نتایج نشان داد بالاترین میزان عملکرد (16 کیلوگرم) در تیمار 1/5 میلی‌مولار پوتریسین و تلقیح با باکتری سودوموناس فلورسنس بهدست‌آمد. بیشترین و کمترین تعداد گل به ترتیب در اثر متقابل آزوسپریلیوم×1/5 میلیمولار پوتریسین و سطوح شاهد فاکتورهای آزمایشی حاصل گردید. بیشترین و کمترین تعداد میوه در اثر متقابل سودومونانس فلوروسنس × 3 میلیمولار پوتریسین و سطوح شاهد فاکتورهای آزمایشی بهدست آمد. بهطور کلی کاربرد باکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاهی و محلول‌پاشی پوتریسین موجب بهبود رشد و عملکرد گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی شد. با توجه به اینکه بالاترین میزان عملکرد میوه در تیمار 1/5 میلی‌مولار پوتریسین و تلقیح با باکتری سودوموناس فلورسنس بهدست‌آمد، توصیه میشود از سطح دوم پوتریسین و تلقیح با باکتری سودوموناس فلورسنس استفاده گردد.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738858_c2da7307275979f48375369a74a2aa30.pdf

دانشگاه ایلام دو فصلنامه علوم سبزی ها 2676-4814 10 19 2026 06 22 Genetic diversity analysis of Grammosciadium platycarpum populations using ISSR markers بررسی تنوع ژنتیکی جمعیت‌های شوید کوهی (Grammosciadium platycarpum) با استفاده از نشانگرهای مولکولی ISSR 227 240 738951 10.22034/iuvs.2025.2078370.1430 FA فاطمه دهقان رفیع دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه کشاورزی، پژوهشکده گیاهان و مواد اولیه دارویی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، تهران، ایران قاسم اقلیما استادیار گروه کشاورزی، پژوهشکده گیاهان و مواد اولیه دارویی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-8947-9561 محمد حسین میرجلیلی استاد گروه کشاورزی، پژوهشکده گیاهان و مواد اولیه دارویی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-9308-499X علی سنبلی استاد گروه بیولوژی، پژوهشکده گیاهان و مواد اولیه دارویی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-7303-4488 Journal Article 2025 11 19 1. Introduction: The genus Grammosciadium of the Apiaceae family has nine species, of which three species, G. pterocarpum, G. platycarpum, and G. scarbridu, grow in Iran which grow in most temperate or cold temperate regions and in mountain pastures. G. platycarpum is a perennial plant with a height of 40 to 100 cm, which is known as mountain parsley or mountain dill and is distributed in Iran, Turkey, Iraq, and Armenia. It is used as an infusion to reduce fat and blood sugar, and as Vegetables are, consumed raw and cooked in some regions of Iran. It has a pleasant taste and smell and is used as a vegetable and food additive in different regions in spring. Since wild and medicinal plants usually have weak and uneven germination, the use of methods to improve germination can have a positive effect on improving the production of these plants. Due to the high percentage of linalool in its essential oil, G. platycarpum is considered a valuable and promising source for the extraction and commercial purification of this compound, the demand for which is increasing across various industries. At present, industrial requirements for this plant are largely met through harvesting from natural habitats, an unsustainable practice that poses the risk of population decline and even local extinction. Consequently, the collection, identification, and characterization of native genotypes represent essential steps toward the conservation and genetic improvement of this species. In plant breeding, precise knowledge of genetic diversity provides the foundation for selecting desirable parents, while population-level studies facilitate the effective utilization of unique populations in breeding programs and support the long-term preservation of genetic resources. Therefore, assessing genetic diversity is critical for developing informed conservation and breeding strategies. In this study, the genetic diversity of several populations of this species was evaluated using ISSR markers. 2. Materials and Methods: In the initial phase of the study, potential habitats of G. platycarpum were identified using available flora references and through field surveys in surrounding regions. Fourteen populations of G. platycarpum (three individuals per population) were sampled. For each individual, a leaf sample was collected using a sterile blade, wrapped in aluminum foil, and immediately placed in liquid nitrogen. The samples were then transferred to a −80 °C freezer for storage before DNA extraction. DNA was extracted from all samples, and its quantity and quality were assessed using both a spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis. Seven primers were selected for DNA amplification. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out in a final reaction volume of 15 µL using a thermocycler. For separation of PCR products, a 1.5% agarose gel was employed. After electrophoresis, gels were photographed for band detection. The banding patterns were scored in a binary matrix, with polymorphic bands recorded as “1” (presence) and “0” (absence). To calculate the similarity matrix, the SimQual procedure was applied. Similarity coefficients were generated using three methods: Simple Matching, Dice, and Jaccard. For clustering, the SAHN procedure with the UPGMA algorithm was employed using NTSYS software (version 2.02). The cophenetic correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the efficiency of the clustering algorithm and to determine the most appropriate similarity coefficient for analysis. 3. Results and Discussion: A considerable level of genetic diversity was observed among the individuals based on ISSR markers. In total, 34 bands were generated, of which 31 were polymorphic. The average percentage of polymorphism among the studied populations was calculated as 91.53%. The highest polymorphism percentages were obtained from primers IS4, IS13, IS15, and IS23. The mean PIC and MI values for the evaluated primers were 0.33 and 1.33, respectively. Shannon’s information index (I) ranged from 0.090 to 0.333 across populations, while Nei’s genetic diversity index (h) varied between 0.058 and 0.228. Overall, the OSH (Oshnavieh) population exhibited the lowest genetic diversity, whereas the MAH (Mahabad) population showed the highest diversity. The mean number of observed alleles and effective alleles per locus were calculated as 1.228 and 0.821, respectively. Cluster analysis using the UPGMA method and Jaccard similarity coefficient grouped the individuals from different populations into three major clusters. 4. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that the high level of polymorphism observed indicates the effective performance of ISSR markers in assessing the genetic diversity of G. platycarpum populations. Therefore, these markers can serve as valuable tools for evaluating genetic variation and supporting plant breeding programs. One of the primary goals of plant breeders is the preservation of genetic resources, as higher genetic diversity enhances resistance to pests and diseases and ultimately contributes to species survival. Given that the investigation of genetic relationships is essential for plant breeding as well as for the conservation of genetic resources, the findings of this study revealed considerable genetic diversity among the examined populations, suggesting that appropriate measures can be implemented for conservation and breeding efforts in this species. Since breeding programs require substantial genetic variation among populations, the diversity identified in the studied populations can significantly support and advance future breeding initiatives. شوید کوهی (Grammosciadium platycarpum) از خانواده چتریان، گیاهی غنی از اسانس است، که علاوه بر استفاده در طب سنتی جهت کاهش چربی و قند خون در بعضی از مناطق ایران به عنوان سبزی معطر مصرف غذایی دارد. در این بررسی برای مطالعه تنوع ژنتیکی 14 جمعیت (از هر جمعیت 3 فرد) شوید کوهی (Grammosciadium platycarpum) از نشانگر مولکولی ISSR استفاده شد. تعداد هفت آغازگر برای تکثیر قطعات DNA ژنومی جمعیت‌های شوید کوهی استفاده شد. تنوع ژنتیکی مطلوبی براساس نشانگر ISSR در بین افراد مشاهده شد. در کل 34 باند تشکیل شد و 31 باند دارای چندشکلی بودند. میانگین درصد چند شکلی برای آغازگرهای مطالعه شده برابر 91/53محاسبه شد. بیشترین درصد چند شکلی به IS4، IS13، IS15 و IS23 آغازگرهای اختصاص داشت. میانگین PIC و میانگین MI در آغازگرهای بررسی شده به 0/33 و 1/33 ترتیب بود. شاخص اطلاعاتی شانون (I) در سطح جمعیت‌ها بین 090/0 تا 0/333 و شاخص تنوع ژنی نی (h) بین 0/058 تا 0/228 متغییر بود، که در کل جمعیت OSH (اشنویه) کمترین تنوع ژنتیکی و MAH (مهاباد) بیشترین تنوع ژنتیکی را نشان دادند. میانگین تعداد آلل‌های مشاهده شده و موثر در هر مکان ژنی به ترتیب 1/288 و 0/821 محاسبه گردید. افراد جمعیت‌های مختلف مورد مطالعه با استفاده از تجزیه خوشه‌ای به روش UPGAM و ضریب تشابه جاکارد در سه گروه اصلی گروه‌بندی شدند. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که نشانگر ISSR سیستم نشانگری قابل اطمینان برای آشکاری‌سازی سطح بالایی از چندشکلی است و می‌توان از آن در بررسی تنوع ژنتیکی و انجام برنامه‌های اصلاحی در شوید کوهی استفاده نمود.

https://iuvs.ilam.ac.ir/article_738951_2542ac6dc403b0bbe3b7d3a1dffe4e30.pdf