Journal of Vegetables Sciences

Journal of Vegetables Sciences

Effects of Exogenous Application of Plant Hormones on Yield and Physiological Characteristics of Pea under Supplemental Irrigation

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Twana Neamat Mohammed 1
Saeid Jalali-Honarmand 2
Mohammad Eghbal Ghobadi 2
Ali Rasaei 3
1 International M.Sc. Graduate of Agronomy, Department of Genetic and plant production, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Genetic and plant production, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Sararood Branch, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran
10.22034/iuvs.2021.531953.1167
Abstract
Introduction: In crop ecosystems, legumes provide a large portion of the nitrogen required by later crops due to their ability to stabilize atmospheric nitrogen by symbiosis with bacteria. Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) is a plant that is very diverse and rich in nutrients. In areas where cereals are grown rainfed, it is a good plant to alternate with cereals. In the semi-arid regions, supplemental irrigation is one of the effective methods in compensating for soil moisture deficit and increasing water use efficiency and preventing yield fluctuations and achieving sustainable production. Since pea is a plant that has a short growth period and is harvested green and fresh, so in semi-arid regions, it can be harvested economic yield by application of supplemental irrigation during the critical stage of its growth.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation at flowering, podding, flowering+ podding and rainfed as check and exogenous application of different hormones (3-indoleacetic acid [IAA], gibberellic acid [GA3], 6-benzylaminopurine [6-BAP] and distilled water as control), an experiment was conducted as splitplot-factorial based on randomized complete block design (RB) at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2016.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the interaction of supplemental irrigation and hormone was significant on green pod yield, biological yield, 100-grains weight, harvest index. The number of pods per plant and grains per pod were influenced by the effects of supplemental irrigation and hormones. The use of supplemental irrigation at two stages (flowering and podding) and the application of hormones (6-BAP and IAA) with values of 8910, 7835, 15100 and 14381 kg ha-1 led to produce the highest grain yield and biological yield, respectively. Exogenous application of 6-BAP increased the Fv/Fm (photochemical efficiency of photosystem II), performance index, soluble sugar, soluble protein and leaf relative water content.
Conclusions: In general, the supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of growth hormones particularly IAA and 6-BAP, can be suitable to prevent exposure of pea to drought stress during critical stages of flowering and podding and thus increases its economic yield.
Keywords
Economic yield
Growth regulators
Pea
Physiological traits
Supplemental irrigation
  • Adeniyi, O. T., Akparobi, S. O. & Ekanayake, I. J. (2004). Field studies on chlorophyll a fluorescence for low temperature tolerance testing of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Food, Agriculture and Environment, 2(1), 166-170.
  • Al-Marzooqi, M. & Wiseman, J. (2009). Effect of extrusion under controlled temperature and moisture conditions on ileal apparent amino acid and starch digestibility in peas determined with young broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 153, 113-130.
  • Ashraf, M. Y., Azmi, A. R., Khan, A. H. & Ala, S. A. (1994). Effect of water stress on total phenols, peroxidase activity and chlorophyll content in wheat. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 16, 185-190.
  • Ashraf, M., Akram, N. A., Al-Qurainy, F. & Foolad, M. R. (2011). Drought tolerance: roles of organic osmolytes, growth regulators and mineral nutrients. 295P.
  • Bora, R. K. & Sarma, C. M. (2006). Effect of gibberellic acid and cycocel on growth, yield and protein content of Pea. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 5(2), 324-330.
  • Dadras, A. R., Azimi, M., Khodadadi, M., Aghabeygi, M., Abdolahi, A. & Mohamadi, A. (2020). Investigation the agronomic traits, yield and stability of different Pea (Pisum Sativum) cultivars in tarom region of Iran using graphical analysis. Journal of Vegetables Sciences, 4(7), 113-130. (In Farsi)
  • Embiale, A., Hussein, M., Husen, A., Sahile, S. & Mohammed, K. (2016). Differential sensitivity of Pisum sativum cultivars to water-deficit stress: changes in growth, water status, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange attributes. Journal of Agronomy, 15(2), 45-57.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization. (2019). In FAOSTAT, from http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
  • Ghobadi, M. E., Sheykhi, S., Rashidi, N., Rasaei, A. & Rasaei, B. (2012). The effects of application of humic acid and supplemental irrigation on cultivars of peas (Pisium sativum) in Kermanshah. Eurasian Symposium on Vegetables and Greens, Yerevan, Armenia, 31 P.
  • Gholam-Ali, P. (2016). Vegetables under plastic cover. University of Guilan. Page 172. (In Farsi)
  • Jongdee, B., Fukai, S. & Cooper, M. (2002). Leaf water potential and osmotic adjustment as physiological traits to improve drought tolerance in rice. Field Crops Research, 76, 153-163.
  • Lal, S., Azmi, N., Pushpwan, P. S. & Farooq Shah, A. (2015). Promotory Effects of Some Phytohormone on the Stem Growth Patterns of Pisum sativum (Pea) over the Control, International Journal of Life Sciences, 4(2), 90-95.
  • Lutts, S., Kinet, J. M. & Bouharmont, J. (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (oryza sativa) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals of Botany, 78, 389-398.
  • Millan, T., Clarke, H. J., Siiddique, K. H. M., Buhariwalla, H. K., Gaur, P. M., Kumar, J., Gil, J., Kahl, G. & Winter, P. (2006). Chickpea molecular breeding: new tools and Concepts. Euphytica, 147(1), 81-103.
  • Murtaza, G., Asghar, R. & Ahmad, S. (2007). The yield and yield components of pea (Pisum sativum) as influenced by salicylic acid Pakistan Journal of Botany, 39(2), 551-559.
  • Oweis, T., Hachum, A. & Pala, M. (2004a). Lentil production under supplemental irrigation in a Mediterranean environment. Agricultural Water Management, 68, 251-265.
  • Oweis, T., Hachum, A. & Pala, M. (2004b). Water use efficiency of winter-sown chickpea under supplemental irrigation in a Mediterranean environment. Agricultural Water Management, 66, 163-179.
  • Pezeshkpour, P., Mousavi, S. K., Shahabi, S., Kalhor, M. & Khourgami, A. (2008). Effects of supplemental irrigation and crop density on dry-land pea (Pisum Sativum). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Journal of Agriculture), 39(2), 389-397. (In Farsi)
  • Rasaei, A., Ghobadi, M. E., Ghobadi, M. & Abdi-niya, K. (2011). The study of traits correlation and path analysis of the grain yield of the peas in semi-dry conditions in Kermanshah. International Conference on Food Engineering and Biotechnology, May 28-29, Bangkok, Thailand. 246-249.
  • Rasaei, B., Ghobadi, M. E., Ghobadi, M. & Rasaei, A. (2011). Evaluation of the effects of supplementary irrigation and planting date on yield and yield components of three pea cultivars in Kermanshah region. Razi University Annual Scientific Conference. (In Farsi)
  • Rasaei, A., Ghobadi, M. E. & Ghobadi, M. (2012). Effect of supplemental irrigation and plant density on yield and yield components of peas (Pisum sativum) in Kermanshah region. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(15), 2353-2358.
  • Rasaei, B., Ghobadi, M. E., Ghobadi, M., Najaphy, A. & Rasaei, A. (2012). The study effects of some biological agents on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under semi-dry conditions in Kermanshah. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2(4), 1113-1118.
  • Rasaei, B., Ghobadi, M. E., Ghobadi, M. & Najaphy, A. (2013). Reducing effects of drought stress by application of humic acid, mycorrhiza and rhizobium on chickpea. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5(16), 1775-1778.
  • Razavi, M. & Akbari, A. (2014). Biophysical properties of agricultural products and foods. Ferdowsi. University of Mashhad Press.
  • Rozrokh, M., Sabaghpour, S. H., Armin, M. & Asgharipour, M. (2012). The effects of drought stress on some biochemical traits in twenty genotypes of chickpea. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2(6), 1980-1987.
  • Saeidi, M., Jalali, S. & Rasaei, A. (2016). Physiological breeding II. A Field Guide to Wheat Phenotyping (1th ed). Jdmpress. (In Farsi)
  • Tadayon, M. R., & Emam, Y. (2008). Effect of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen on mean grain weight, test weight and grain yield of wheat under dryland conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 39(1), 99-112. (In Farsi)
  • Van Heerden, P. D. R., Swanepoel, J. W. & Kruger, G. H. J. (2007). Modulation of photosynthesis by drought in two desert scrub species exhibiting C3-mode CO2 assimilation, Environ. Journal of the Society of Experimental Botany, 61, 124-136.
  • Vannozi, G. & Larner, F. (2007). Proline accumulation during drought rhizogene in maise. Journal Plant Physiology, 85, 441-467.
  • Yang, J., Zhang, J., Wang, Z. & Zhu, Q. (2003). Hormones in the grains in relation to sink strength and postanthesis development of spikelets in rice. Plant Growth Regulation, 41, 185-195.

  • Receive Date 21 June 2021
  • Revise Date 22 July 2021
  • Accept Date 31 August 2021