Effect of Different Cucurbit Rootstocks on some Morphological and Yield Indices of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Hassanzadeh, Kianoush; Salehi Mohammadi, Reza; Mirjalili, Mohammad Hossein

doi:10.22034/iuvs.2022.556578.1216

Effect of Different Cucurbit Rootstocks on some Morphological and Yield Indices of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Kianoush Hassanzadeh ¹

reza salehi mohammadi ²

Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili ³

¹ Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

² Department of Horticultural Sciences, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

³ Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University

10.22034/iuvs.2022.556578.1216

Abstract

Extended Abstract

Introduction: Momordica charantia L., a member of the Cucurbitaceae family and commonly known as bitter gourd and bitter melon, thrives in humid and subtropical regions around the world. Bitter gourd is a common herb usually consumed as a vegetable for medicinal purposes in different parts of the world, including Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Asia, and Africa. It is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, minerals such as iron and calcium, vitamins, especially vitamin C, and dietary fibers. Grafting is a connection of two plant tissues, which are forced to develop vascular connections and grow as a single plant. Grafting has become imperative for vegetable production. Grafting of herbaceous seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land for vegetable production. In the study effect of different cucurbit rootstocks on some morphological and yield indices of bitter gourd.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of commercial cucurbit rootstocks: Marvel, Tetsukabuto, Sentinel (Takii Seed Company, Japan), and scion: bitter gourd Preeti variety (Kian Darou Zagros company, Iran) on qualitative and quantitative bitter gourd an experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design under hydroponic with three replicates in the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, in greenhouse conditions at 2019. In this experiment, in addition to pH of xylem sap, EC of xylem sap, water absorption (ml/day), and growth indices including day to first female flowering (Day), green and ripe fruit shape, green and ripe fruit weight (g), water content green and ripe fruit (ml), dry matter green and ripe fruit weight (%), number of fruits per plant, rootstock diameter (cm), graft site diameter (cm), and scion diameter (cm).
Results and Discussion: The results showed that rootstocks and grafting caused an increase in first female flowering, green and ripe fruit shape, green and ripe fruit weight, dry matter green and ripe fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, and pH, EC xylem sap, water absorption. The highest weight of green and ripe fruit weight, dry matter green and ripe fruit weight were observed in Marvel rootstock and the lowest was observed in Sentinel rootstock. The highest water absorption was observed in the Tetsukabuto rootstock and the lowest was observed in the Sentinel rootstock. Also, the highest green fruit diameter (6.87 cm), green fruit length (18.48 cm), and ripe fruit length (18.57 cm) were observed in the Tetsukabuto rootstock and the lowest was observed in Sentinel rootstock (green fruit diameter (3.19 cm), green fruit length (12.43 cm), and ripe fruit length (13.12 cm)). But the highest green and ripe fruit shape (4.09), graft site diameter (3.8 cm), day to first female flowering (33.53 days), and water content green fruit (91.89%) were observed in Sentinel rootstock.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, Marvel and Tetsukabuto rootstocks were better compatible with bitter gourd and showed a significant difference with other treatments in terms of measured indices (green fruit diameter, green fruit length, ripe fruit length, green and ripe fruit weight, dry matter green and ripe fruit weight). Also, Sentinel rootstock showed a decrease in morphological and yield indicators in most cases (green fruit diameter, green fruit length, ripe fruit length, green and ripe fruit weight, dry matter green and ripe fruit weight). According to the results of Sentinel rootstock, it showed incompatibility with bitter gourd.

Keywords

Grafting

Marvel

Medicinal plant

Sentinel

Tetsukabuto

Alexopoulos, A. A., Kondylis, A., and Passam, H. C. (2007). Fruit yield and quality of watermelon in relation to grafting. J. Food Agric. Environ. 5, 178–179.

Colla, G., Perez-Alfocea, F., and Schwarz, D. (2017). Vegetable Grafting, Principles and Practices. CAB International. 286p.

Colla, G., Rouphael, Y., Cardarelli, M., and Rea, E. (2006). Effect of salinity on yield, fruit quality, leaf gas exchange, and mineral composition of grafted watermelon plants. HortScience 41, 622–627.

Crinò, P., Lo Bianco, C., Rouphael, Y., Colla, G., Saccardo, F., and Paratore, A. (2007). Evaluation of rootstock resistance to Fusarium wilt and gummy stem blight and effect on yield and quality of a grafted ‘Inodorus’ melon. HortScience42, 521–525.

Cushman, K. E., and Huan, J. (2008). Performance of four triploid watermelon cultivars grafted onto five rootstock genotypes: yield and fruit quality under commercial growing conditions. Acta Hortic. 782, 335–337.

Hassanzadeh, K. (2016). Guide for Cultivation of Medicinal Plants (Lamiaceae family). Ghlam azam. (In Farsi)

Huitrón, M. V., Diaz, M., Dianez, F., and Camacho, F. (2007). The effect of various rootstocks on triploid watermelon yield and qualify. J. Food Agric. Environ. 5, 344–348.

Kashi, A., Salehi, R., Javanpour, R. (2008). Grafting Technology in Vegetable Crop Production. Amoozesh Keshavarzi. (In Farsi)

Khah, E. M., Kakava, E., Mavromatis, A., Chachalis, D., and Goulas, C. (2006). Effect of grafting on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in greenhouse and open-field. J. Appl. Hortic. 8, 3–7.

Kim, S. Jungb, J.Hwa Junga, J. Yoonb, N. Kang, S. Rohb, G. Hahm, J. (2020). Hypoglycemic efficacy and safety of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Complementary Therapies in Medicine 52.

Krumbein, A., and Schwarz, D. (2013). Grafting: A possibility to enhance healthpromoting and flavour compounds in tomato fruits of shaded plants? Sci. Hortic. 149, 97–107.

Kung, W. Lin, C. Kuo, C. Juin, Y. Wu , P. and Lin, M. (2020). Wild Bitter Melon Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Upregulating Injury-Attenuated CISD2 Expression following Spinal Cord Injury, Hindawi Behavioural Neurology Volume 2020.

Kyriacou, M. C., and Soteriou, G. A. (2015). Quality and postharvest behavior of watermelon fruit in response to grafting on inter-specific cucurbit rootstocks. J. Food Qual. 38, 21–29.

Lee, J. M. & Oda, M. (2003). Grafting of herbaceous vegetable and ornamental crops. Horticultural Reviews, 28, 61-124.

Lee, J. M. (1994). Cultivation of grafted vegetables I. Current status, grafting methods, and benefits. HortScience, 29, 235-239.

Leonardi, C., and Giuffrida, F. (2006). Variation of plant growth and macronutrient uptake in grafted tomatoes and eggplants on three different rootstocks. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci. 71, 97–101.

Liu, Z. Gong, J. Huang, W. Lu, F. and Dong, H. (2021). The Effect of Momordica charantia in the Treatment of Diabetes, Hindawi, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2021.

Mahwish, F. Saeed, M. Tauseef Sultan, Ayesha Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Nicusor Bigiu, Ryszard Amarowicz, and Rosana Manea. (2021). Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Fruit Bioactives Charantin and Vicine Potential for Diabetes Prophylaxis and Treatment, Plants ,, 10, 730.

Passam, H. C., Stylianoy, M., and Kotsiras, A. (2005). Performance of eggplant grafted on tomato and eggplant rootstocks. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci. 70, 130–134.

Proietti, S., Rouphael, Y., Colla, G., Cardarelli, M., De Agazio, M., Zacchini, M., et al. (2008). Fruit quality of mini-watermelon as affected by grafting and irrigation regimes. J. Sci. Food Agric. 88, 1107–1114.

Riga, P. (2015). Effect of rootstock on growth, fruit production and quality of tomato plants grown under low temperature and light conditions. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 56, 626–638.

Rouphael, Y., Cardarelli, M., Rea, E., and Colla, G. (2012). Improving melon and cucumber photosynthetic activity, mineral composition, and growth performance under salinity stress by grafting onto Cucurbita hybrid rootstocks. Photosynthetica 50, 180–188.

Rouphael, Y., Schwarz, D., Krumbein, A., and Colla, G. (2010). Impact of grafting on product quality of fruit vegetables. Sci. Hortic. 127, 172–179.

Salehi, R., Kashi, A., Lee, S. G., Huh, Y. C., Lee, J. M., Bablar, M. & Delshad, M. (2009). Assessing the survival and growth performance of Iranian melon to grafting onto cucurbita rootstocks. Journal of Horticultural Science, 27(1), 1-6. (In Farsi)

Schwarz, D., Öztekin, G. B., Tüzel, Y., Brückner, B., and Krumbein, A. (2013). Rootstocks canenhance tomato growth and quality characteristics at low potassium supply. Sci. Hortic. 149, 70–79.

Sing P. Tana, Tuyen C. Khab, Sophie E. Parksa,c, and Paul D. Roacha. (2016). Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) bioactive composition and health benefits: A review. Food Reviews International. VOL. 32, (2): 181–202.

Soteriou, G. A., Kyriacou, M. C., Siomos, A. S., and Gerasopoulos, D. (2014). Evolution of watermelon fruit physicochemical and phytochemical composition during ripening as affected by grafting. Food Chem. 165, 282–289.

Sur, S. and Ray, R. B. (2020). Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia), a Nutraceutical Approach for Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Cancers, 12, 2064.

Tarazona-Díaz, M. P., Viegas, J., Moldao-Martinsc, M., and Aguayoa, E. (2011). Bioactive compounds from flesh and by-product of fresh-cut watermelon cultivars. J. Sci. Food Agric. 91, 805–812.

Turhan, A., Ozmen, N., Serbeci, M. S., and Seniz, V. (2011). Effects of grafting on different rootstocks on tomato fruit yield and quality. Hortic. Sci. 38, 142–149.

Verzera, A., Dima, G., Tripodi, G., Condurso, C., Crinò, P., and Romano, D. (2014). Aroma and sensory quality of honeydew melon fruits (Cucumis melo L. subsp. Melo var. inodorus H. Jacq.) in relation to different rootstocks. Sci. Hortic. 169, 118–124.

Yamasaki, A., Yamashita, M. & Furuya, S. (1994(. Mineral concentrations and cytokinin activity in the xylem exudate of grafted watermelons as affected by rootstocks and crop load. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 62, 817-826.

Yetisir, H., and Sari, N. (2003). Effect of different rootstock on plant growth, yield and quality of watermelon. Austr. J. Exp. Agric. 43, 1269–1274.

Yetisir, H., Sari, N., and Yncel, S. (2003). Rootstock resistance to Fusarium wilt and effect on watermelon fruit yield and quality. Phytoparasitica 31, 163–169.

Zijlstra, S., Groot, S. P. C. & Jansen, J. (1994). Genotypic variation of rootstocks for growth and production in cucumber; possibilities for improving the root system by plant breeding. Scientia Horticulturae, 56(3), 185-196.