To investigate the effect of foliar application of calcium and boron on some physiological, quantitative, and qualitative traits of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments including control, calcium, boron, and calcium + boron, arranged in three replicates. The measured traits included chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, chlorophyll a/b ratio, total leaf chlorophyll content, biomass, yield, soluble sugar content, vitamin C, and calcium and boron concentrations in the fruit. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of treatments were significant for all studied traits. The combined calcium + boron treatment resulted in the highest values of chlorophyll a (1.96 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight), chlorophyll b (0.345 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight), carotenoids (0.054 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight), and total leaf chlorophyll (2.94 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight). The highest biomass and yield were also obtained from this treatment, showing increases of 39.3% and 40%, respectively, compared with the control. Individual applications of calcium and boron also caused significant increases in biomass relative to the control, although their effects on yield were not statistically significant. Fruit boron and calcium concentrations increased significantly in response to the respective treatments, and a strong positive correlation was observed between these two elements (r = 0.82**). Positive correlations were also found between yield and biomass (r = 0.87**) and between yield and calcium concentration (r = 0.61**), indicating the role of vegetative growth and calcium accumulation in increasing fruit yield. Overall, the combined application of calcium and boron improved physiological traits, increased biomass, and enhanced fruit yield of sweet pepper.